Text Size:   M  L  XL

References

  1. Canadian Stroke Network; Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Canadian best practice recommendations for stroke care: 2006. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Stroke Strategy; 2006. Available: www.canadianstrokestrategy.ca/eng/resourcestools /documents/StrokeStrategyManual.pdf (accessed 2008 Oct 20).
  2. Lindsay, P., Bayley, M., Helling, C., Hill, M., Woodbury, E., Phillips, S.,(Canadian Stroke Strategy Best Practices and Standards Writing Group on behalf of the Canadian Stroke Strategy, a joint initiative of the Canadian Stroke Network and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada). (2008). Canadian best practice recommendations for stroke care (updated 2008). CMAJ, 179(12), S1-S25.
  3. Graham, ID., Harrison, MB., Brouwers, M., Davies, BL., & Dunn, S. Facilitating the use of evidence in practice: evaluating and adapting clinical practice guidelines for local use by health care organizations. JOGNN, 2002; 3:, 599-611.
  4. Appraisal of Guidelines Research & Evaluation (AGREE). Available at: http://www.agreetrust.org/
  5. SCORE (Stroke Canada Optimization of Rehabilitation through Evidence) evidence- based recommendations for the upper and lower extremities and risk assessment post-stroke 2007. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Stroke Network; 2007. Available: www.canadianstrokenetwork.ca/eng/tools/downloads/SCORE_EBR_Aug2307.pdf
  6. Graham ID, Harrison MB, Lorimer K, et al. Adapting national and international leg ulcer practice guidelines for local use: the Ontario Leg Ulcer Community Care Protocol. Adv Skin Wound Care 2005;18:307-18.
  7. Adams HP Jr, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke. A guideline from the American Heart Association/ American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Stroke 2007;38:1655-711.
  8. Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G, et al. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke. Stroke 2006;37:577-617.
  9. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Alberts MJ, et al. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke. A guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council. Stroke 2006;37:1583-633.
  10. Morgenstern, LB., Hemphill, JC., Anderson, C., Becker, K., Broderick, JP., Connolly, S., Greenberg, SM., Huang, JN., Macdonald, RL., Messe, SR., Mitchell, PH., Selim, M. & Tamargo, RJ. On behalf of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideling for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2010; 41:00-00.
  11. Duncan PW, Zorowitz R, Bates B, et al. Management of adult stroke rehabilitation care: a clinical practice guideline. Stroke 2005;36:e100
  12. Roach ES, Golomb MR, Adams R, et al. Management of stroke in infants and children: a scientific statement from a special writing group of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Stroke 2008;39:2644
  13. Hirsh J, Guyatt G, Albers GW, Harrington R, Schunemann HJ, American College of Chest Physicians. Executive summary: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest 2008; 133(6 Suppl): 71S-109S.
  14. Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense, Office of Quality Performance. Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense clinical practice guideline for management of stroke rehabilitation. Washington (DC): US Department of Veterans Affairs; 2003. Available: www.oqp.med.va.gov/cpg/STR/str_cpg/frameset.htm (accessed 2008 Oct 20).
  15. National Stroke Foundation. Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management 2010. Melbourne Australia.
  16. National Stroke Foundation. Clinical guidelines for stroke rehabilitation and recovery. Melbourne (AU): The Foundation; 2005. Available: www.stroke foundation.com.au/post-acute-health-professional (accessed 2008 Oct 20).
  17. Chertkow H. Introduction: the Third Canadian Consensus Conference of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia 2006. Alzheimers Dement 2007;3:262-5.
  18. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Canadian Diabetes Association 2008 clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes 2008;32(Suppl 1):S1-201.
  19. McPherson R, Frohlich J, Fodor G, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease: recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Can J Cardiol 2006;22:913-27
  20. Khan NA, Hemmelgarn B, Herman RJ, et al. Canadian Hypertension Education Program. The 2008 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension: part 2 — therapy. Can J Cardiol 2008;24:465-75.
  21. Lindsay MP, Kapral MK, Holloway R, et al. Canadian Stroke Quality of Care Study: identification of performance indicators for acute stroke care. CMAJ 2005;172(3): Online-1–8. Available: www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/172/3/363/DC1.
  22. Lindsay P, Jaigobin C, Silver FL, et al. Canadian Stroke Quality of Care Study: quality indicators and literature review for telestroke. Toronto (ON): Canadian Stroke Network, Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care and Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; 2005.
  23. Lindsay P, Gladstone DJ, Silver FL, et al. Canadian Stroke Quality of Care Study: quality indicators and literature review for stroke secondary prevention. Toronto (ON): Canadian Stroke Network, Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care and Institute of Clinical Evaluative Sciences; 2005.
  24. Bayley M, Lindsay P, Teasell R, et al. Canadian Stroke Quality of Care Study: quality indicators for stroke rehabilitation (in collaboration with SCORE). Toronto (ON): Canadian Stroke Network, Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care and Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; 2006.
  25. Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario. Best practice guidelines for stroke care. Toronto (ON): The Foundation; 2003. Available: http://profed.heartandstroke .ca/Page.asp?PageID=397&CategoryID=77.
  26. Registered Nurses Association of Ontario. Nursing best practice guideline. Stroke assessment across the continuum of care. Toronto (ON): The Association; 2005. Available: www.rnao.org/Storage/12/652_BPG_Stroke_Assessment.pdf.
  27. Ottawa Panel, Khadilkar A, Phillips K, et al. Ottawa Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for post-stroke rehabilitation. Top Stroke Rehabil 2006;13(2): 1-269.
  28. Teasell, R., Foley, N., Salter, K. Et al. Evidence-based review of stroke rehabilitation. 12th ed. London (ON): EBRSR; 2009. Available at www.EBRSR.com.
  29. European Stroke Organization (ESO) Executive Committee; ESO Writing Committee. Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008;25:457-507.
  30. Stroke Foundation of New Zealand. Life after stroke: New Zealand guideline for management of stroke. Wellington (NZ): The Foundation; 2003. Available: www.nzgg.org.nz/guidelines/0037/ACF291F.pdf.
  31. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of patients with stroke I: Assessment, investigation, immediate management and secondary prevention (SIGN 13). Edinburgh (UK): The Network; 1997. Available: www.sign.ac.uk/pdf /sign13.pdf.
  32. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of patients with stroke II: Management of carotid stenosis and carotid endarterectomy (SIGN 14). Edinburgh (UK): The Network; 1997. Available: www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign14.pdf.
  33. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of patients with stroke III: Identification and management of dysphagia (SIGN 78). Edinburgh (UK): The Network; 2004. Available: www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign78.pdf.
  34. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Management of patients with stroke IV: Rehabilitation, prevention and management of complications and discharge planning (SIGN 64). Edinburgh (UK): The Network; 2005. Available: www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign64.pdf.
  35. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Stroke: diagnosis and initial management of acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA). London (UK): National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2008. Available: www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG68NICEGuideline.pdf.
  36. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Alteplase for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. London (UK): The Institute; 2007. Available: www.nice .org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/TA122guidance.pdf (accessed 2008 Oct 20).
  37. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Atrial fibrillation: the management of atrial fibrillation. London (UK): National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2006. Available: www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf /CG036niceguideline.pdf.
  38. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clopidogrel and modified-release dipyridamole in the prevention of occlusive vascular events. London (UK): The Institute; 2005. Available: www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/TA090guidance .pdf.
  39. Royal College of Physicians of London, Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party Clinical Effectiveness and Evaluation Unit. National clinical guidelines for stroke. 3rd ed. London (UK): The College; 2008.
  40. National Pre-Hospital Guidelines Group. The recognition and emergency management of suspected stroke and TIA guidelines supplement. London (UK): Royal College of Physicians; 2006.
  41. Paediatric Stroke Working Group. Stroke in childhood: clinical guidelines for diagnosis, management and rehabilitation. London (UK): Royal College of Physicians of London; 2004. Available: www.rcplondon.ac.uk/pubs/books/childstroke/childstroke_guidelines.pdf.
  42. Canadian Continence Foundation. Clinical practice guidelines for adults. Peterborough (ON): The Foundation; 2004. Available: www.canadiancontinence.ca/healthprofs/clinicalpractice.html.
  43. Lau DCW, Douketis JD, Morrison KM, et al. 2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines on the management and prevention of obesity in adults and children. CMAJ 2007;176(8 Suppl): Online-1–117. Available: www.cmaj.ca/cgi/data/176/8 /S1/DC1/1.
  44. Guyatt GH, Cook DJ, Jaeschke R, et al. Grades of recommendation for antithrombotic agents: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition) [published erratum in Chest 2008;134:473]. Chest 2008;133(6 Suppl):123S-131S.
  45. Biller J, Feinberg WM, Castaldo JE, et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Circulation 1998;97:501-9.
  46. Findlay JM, Tucker WS, Ferguson RO, et al. Guidelines for the use of carotid endarterectomy: current recommendations from the Canadian Neurosurgical Society. CMAJ 1997;157:653-9.
  47. Mayberg MR, Batjer HH, Dacey R, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 1994;25:2315-28.
  48. Fiore MC, Jaen CR, Baker TB, et al. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. May 2008.
  49. Genest, J., McPherson, R., Frohlich, J., et al. 2009 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/ Canadian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult- 2009 recommendations. Can J Cardiol 2009; 25(10): 567-579.
  50. Hypertension Canada. Canadian hypertension education program. Available at: http://hypertension.ca/chep/.
  51. Bederson, JB., Connolly, ES., Batjer, HH., Dacey, RG., Dion, JE., Diringer, MN., Duldner, JE., Harbaugh, RE., Patel, AB. & Rosenwasser, RH. Guidelines for the management of aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the stroke council, American Heart Association. Stroke 2009; 40:994-1025.
  52. Canadian Coalition for Seniors’ Mental Health. National guidelines for seniors mental health: the assessment and treatment of delirium. Toronto (ON): The Coalition; 2006.
  53. Canadian Stroke Strategy Information & Evaluation Working Group (2008). Performance Measurement Manual; Ottawa, ON. Available at: http://www.canadianstrokestrategy.com/eng/resourcestools/documents/CSS_Performance_Manual_2008.pdf .
  54. Canadian Stroke Strategy. A patient’s guide to Canadian best practice recommendations for stroke care. Available at: http://www.canadianstrokestrategy.com/eng/resourcestools/documents/CSN_English_PatientsGuide.pdf.
  55. Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. www.heartandstroke.ca
  56. Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al; ECASS Investigators. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1317-29.
  57. Barber PA, Zhang J, Demchuk AM, et al. Why are stroke patients excluded from TPA therapy? An analysis of patient eligibility. Neurology 2001;56:1015-20.
  58. Ferro JM, Melo TP, Oliveira V, et al. An analysis of the admission delay of acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4:72-5.
  59. Wester P, Radberg J, Lundgreen B, et al. Factors associated with delayed admission to hospital and in-hospital delays in acute stroke and TIA. A prospective, multicenter study. Stroke 1999;30:40-8.
  60. Derex L, Adeleine P, Nighoghossian N, et al. Factors influencing early admission in a French stroke unit. Stroke 2002;33:153-9.
  61. Harraf F, Sharma AK, Brown MM, et al. A multicentre observational study of presentation and early assessment of acute stroke. BMJ 2002;325:17.
  62. Gil Núñez AC, Vivancos Mora J. Organization of medical care in acute stroke (importance of a good network). Cerebrovasc Dis 2004;17(1 Suppl):113-23.
  63. Yu RF, San Jose MC, Manzanilla BM, et al. Sources and reasons for delays in the care of acute stroke patients. J Neurol Sci 2002;199:49-54.
  64. Tadras, A., Crocco, T., Davis, SM., Newman, J., Mullen, J., Best, R., Teets, A., Maxwell, C., Slaughter, B., & Teeter, S. Emergency medical services-based community stroke education: pilot test from a novel approach. Stroke, 2009; 4(6): 2134-2142.
  65. Hodgson C, Lindsay P, Rubini F. Can mass media influence emergency department visits for stroke? Stroke 2007;38:2115-22.
  66. Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Environics Omnibus Stroke Survey Results Report. Internal document, 2009.
  67. Jurkowski, JM., Maniccia, DM., Spicer, DA., & Dennison, BA. Impact of a multimedia campaign to increase intention to call 9-1-1 for stroke symptoms, upstate New York 2006-2007. Preventing Chronic Disease, 201; 7(2): A35.
  68. Kleindorfer DO, Miller R, Moomaw CJ, et al. Designing a message for public education regarding stroke: Does FAST capture enough stroke? Stroke 2007;38: 2864-8.
  69. Kleindorfer, D., Khoury, J., Rademacher, E., Woo, D., Flaherty, ML., Alwell, K., Moomaw, CJ., Schneider, A., Panciolo, A., Miller, R. & Kissela, BM. Temporal trend in public awareness of stroke: warning signs, risk factors and treatement. Stroke, 2009; 40(7):2502-2506.
  70. Hickey, A., O’Hanlon, A., McGee, H., Donnellan, C., Shelley, E., Horgan, F. & O’Neill, D. Stroke awareness in the general population: knowledge of stroke risk factors and warning signs in older adults. BMC Geriatrics, 2009; 9(1): A35.
  71. Mosley I, Nicol M, Donnan G, et al. Stroke symptoms and the decision to call an ambulance. Stroke 2007;38:361-6.
  72. Moser DK, Kimble LP, Alberts MJ, et al. Reducing delay in seeking treatment by patients with acute coronary syndrome and stroke: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Stroke Council. Circulation 2006;114:168-82.
  73. Murphy SL. Deaths: final data for 1998. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2000;48:1-105.
  74. DeVeber G. In pursuit of evidence-based treatments for paediatric stroke: the UK and Chest guidelines. Lancet Neurol 2005;4:432-6.
  75. Lanthier S, Carmant L, David M, et al. Stroke in children: the coexistence of multiple risk factors predicts poor outcome. Neurology 2000;54:371-8.
  76. Health promotion glossary. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998. Available: www.who.int/hpr/nph/docs/hp_glossary_en.pdf.
  77. Stroke: prevention. Toronto (ON): Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. Available: http://profed.heartandstroke.ca. Select “Stroke,” then “Stroke care resources.”
  78. Blood pressure information: lifestyle choices. Blood Pressure Canada. Available: http://hypertension.ca/bpc/blood-pressure-information/lifestyle-choices.
  79. Gillman MW, Cupples LA, Gagnon D, et al. Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on development of stroke in men. JAMA 1995;273:1113-7.
  80. He FJ, Nowson CA, MacGregor GA. Fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lancet 2006;367:320-6.
  81. Joshipura KJ, Ascherio A, Manson JE, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. JAMA 1999;282:1233-9.
  82. Liu S, Manson JE, Lee IM, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women’s Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72:922-8.
  83. Lee CD, Folsom AR, Blair SN. Physical activity and stroke risk: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2003;34:2475-81.
  84. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2008: the MPOWER package. Geneva: The Organization; 2008.
  85. Public Health Agency of Canada. Tracking heart disease and stroke in Canada. 2009. Available at: www.phac-aspc.gc.ca.
  86. Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, Kannel WB, et al. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke. The Framingham Study. JAMA 1988;259:1025-9.
  87. Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. Smoking cessation in relation to total mortality rates in women. A prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:992-1000.
  88. Flemming KD, Brown RD Jr. Secondary prevention strategies in ischemic stroke: identification and optimal management of modifiable risk factors. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79:1330-40.
  89. Robbins AS, Manson JE, Lee IM, et al. Cigarette smoking and stroke in a cohort of US male physicians. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:458-62.
  90. Goldstein LB, Adams R, Becker K, et al. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. Stroke 2001;32:280 99.
  91. Hankey GJ. Smoking and risk of stroke. J Cardiovasc Risk 1999;6:207-11.
  92. Bonita R, Duncan J, Truelsen T, et al. Passive smoking as well as active smoking increases the risk of acute stroke. Tob Control 1999;8:156-60.
  93. Kurth T, Kase CS, Berger K, et al. Smoking and risk of hemorrhagic stroke in women. Stroke 2003;34:2792-5.
  94. Kurth T, Kase CS, Berger K, et al. Smoking and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke in men. Stroke 2003;34:1151-5.
  95. Mazza A, Pessina AC, Pavei A, et al. Predictors of stroke mortality in elderly people from the general population. The CArdiovascular STudy in the ELderly (CASTEL). Eur J Epidemiol 2001;17:1097-104.
  96. Wu, P., Wilson, K., Dimoulas, P. & Mills, EJ. Effectiveness of smoking cessation therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2006; 6: article number 300.
  97. Cox, LS., Patten, CA., Niaura, RS>, Decker, PA., Rigotti, N, Sachs, DPL., Sonia Buist, A., & Hurt, RD. Efficacy of bupropion for relapse prevention in smokers with and without history of major depression. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2004; 19(8): 828-834.
  98. Reynolds K, Lewis B, Nolen JD, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2003;289:579-88.
  99. Mazzaglia G, Britton AR, Altmann DR, et al. Exploring the relationship between alcohol consumption and non-fatal or fatal stroke: a systematic review. Addiction 2001;96:1743-56.
  100. Truelsen T, Gronbaek M, Schnohr P, et al. Intake of beer, wine, and spirits and risk of stroke: the Copenhagen city heart study. Stroke 1998;29:2467-72.
  101. Kiechl S, Willeit J, Rungger G, et al. Alcohol consumption and atherosclerosis: What is the relation? Prospective results from the Bruneck Study. Stroke 1998;29:900-7.
  102. Sacco RL. Identifying patient populations at high risk of stroke. Neurology 1998;51(3 Suppl):S27-30.
  103. Launer LJ, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, et al. The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function. The Honolulu–Asia Aging Study. JAMA 1995;274:1846-51.
  104. Tu K, Chen Z, Lipscombe L. Prevalence and incidence of hypertension from 1995–2005: a population-based study. CMAJ 2008;178:1429-35.
  105. O’Donnell, MJ., Denis, X., Liu, L., Zhang, H., Chin, SL., Rao-Melacini, P., Rangarajan, S., Islam, S., Pais, P., McQueen, MJ., Mondo, C., Damasceno, A., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Hankey, GJ., Dans, AL., Yusoff, K., Truelsen, T., Diener, HC., Sacco, RL., Ryglewicz, D., Czlonkowska, A., Wang, X. & Yusuf, S. Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrahagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): A case-control study. The Lancent, 2010; 376(9735): 112-123.
  106. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003;289:2560-72.
  107. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al.; Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002; 360:1903-13.
  108. Weber MA. Managing the patient at risk for a second stroke. J Hypertens Suppl 2005;23(S1):S41-7.
  109. Bestehorn, K., Wahle, K. & Kirch, W. Stroke risk screening of adults with hypertension: Prospective cross-sectional study in primary care. Clinical Drug Investigation, 2008; 28(5): 281-289.
  110. Girerd, X. & Giral, P. Risk stratification for the prevention of cardiovascular complications of hypertension. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2004; 20(7): 1137-1142.
  111. Du X, McNamee R, Cruickshank K. Stroke risk from multiple risk factors combined with hypertension: a primary care based case-control study in a defined population of northwest England. Ann Epidemiol 2000;10:380-8.
  112. Musini, VM., Tejani, AM., Bassett, K. & Wright, JM. Pharmacotherapy for hypertension in the elderly. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 4: CD000028.
  113. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age and older. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1887-98.
  114. Gueyffier F, Boissel JP, Boutitie F, et al. Effect of antihypertensive treatment in patients having already suffered from stroke. Gathering the evidence. The INDANA (INdividual Data ANalysis of Antihypertensive intervention trials) Project Collaborators. Stroke 1997;28:2557-62.
  115. Rodgers A, MacMahon S, Gamble G, et al. Blood pressure and risk of stroke in patients with cerebrovascular disease. The United Kingdom Transient Ischaemic Attack Collaborative Group. BMJ 1996;313:147.
  116. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000; 355:253-9.
  117. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based bloodpressure- lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001;358:1033-41.
  118. Dahlöf B, Devereux R, de Faire U, et al. The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction (LIFE) in Hypertension study: rationale, design, and methods. The LIFE Study Group. Am J Hypertens 1997;10:705-13.
  119. Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A, et al. The ACCESS Study: evaluation of Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors. Stroke 2003;34: 1699-703.
  120. Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, et al. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 2003;21:875-86.
  121. Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1547-59.
  122. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18 686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. The Lancet 2008; 371(9607): 117-125.
  123. Nichols N. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia. Can J Cardiovasc Nurs 2004;14:7-11.
  124. Amarenco, P. & Labreuche, J. Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention. The Lancet Neurology 2009; 8(5): 453-463.
  125. O’Regan C, Wu P, Arora P, et al. Statin therapy in stroke prevention: a metaanalysis involving 121 000 patients. Am J Med 2008;121:24-33.
  126. Corvol JC, Bouzamondo A, Sirol M, et al. Differential effects of lipid-lowering therapies on stroke prevention: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:669-76.
  127. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, et al. Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions. Lancet 2004;363:757-67.
  128. Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A 3rd, et al.; Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2006;355:549-59.
  129. Amarenco P, Labreuche J, Lavallee P, et al. Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis: systematic review and up-to-date meta-analysis. Stroke 2004;35:2902-9.
  130. Goldstein LB, Amarenco P, Szarek M, et al. Hemorrhagic stroke in the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels study. Neurology 2008;70: 2364-70.
  131. Idris I, Thomson GA, Sharma JC. Diabetes mellitus and stroke. Int J Clin Pract 2006;60:48-56.
  132. Karapanayiotides T, Piechowski-Jozwiak B, van Melle G, et al. Stroke patterns, etiology, and prognosis in patients with diabetes mellitus. Neurology 2004;62: 1558-62.
  133. Lehto S, Rönnemaa T, Pyörälä K, et al. Predictors of stroke in middle-aged patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Stroke 1996;27:63-8.
  134. Shepherd J, Barter P, Carmena R, et al. Effect of lowering LDL cholesterol substantially below currently recommended levels in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Diabetes Care 2006; 29:1220-6.
  135. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;258:2545-59.
  136. ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2560-72.
  137. Soman, T., Rafay, MF., Hune, S., Allen, A., MacGregegor, D. & deVeber, G. The risks and safety of clopidogrel in pediatric arterial ischemic stroke. Stroke 2006; 37: 1120-1122.
  138. Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002;324:71-86.
  139. Schwartz NE, Albers GW. Is there a role for combinations of antiplatelet agents in stroke prevention? Curr Treat Options Neurol 2007;9:442-50.
  140. O’Donnell MJ, Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. Antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention of noncardioembolic ischemic stroke: a critical review. Stroke 2008;39: 1638-46.
  141. Verro P, Gorelick PB, Nguyen D. Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin for prevention of vascular events after stroke or TIA: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2008;39: 1358-63.
  142. Hankey GJ. Antiplatelet therapy for the prevention of recurrent stroke and other serious vascular events: a review of the clinical trial data and guidelines. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23:1453-62.
  143. De Schryver ELLM, Algra A, van Gijn J. Dipyridamole for preventing stroke and other vascular events in patients with vascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(3):CD001820.
  144. Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C, et al. European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci 1996;143:1-13.
  145. Hankey GJ, Sudlow CLM, Dunbabin DW. Thienopyridine derivatives (ticlopidine, clopidogrel) versus aspirin for preventing stroke and other serious vascular events in high vascular risk patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(1):CD001246.
  146. Halkes, PHA., Gray, LJ., Bath, PMW., Diener, H-C., Guiraud-Chaumeil, B., Yatsu, FM., & Algra, A. Dipyridamole plus aspirin versus aspirin alone in secondary prevention after TIA or stroke: a meta-analysis by risk. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008; 79:1218-1223.
  147. Diener HC, Sacco R, Yusuf S; Steering Committee; PRoFESS Study Group. Rationale, design and baseline data of a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial comparing two antithrombotic regimens (a fixed-dose combination of extended-release dipyridamole plus ASA with clopidogrel) and telmisartan versus placebo in patients with strokes: the Prevention Regimen for Effectively Avoiding Second Strokes Trial (PRoFESS). [published erratum in Cerebrovasc Dis 2008;25:192]. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007;23:368-80.
  148. ESPRIT Study Group, Halkes PH, van Gijn J, et al. Aspirin plus dipyridamole versus aspirin alone after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367:1665-73.
  149. Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1706-17.
  150. Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, et al. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:331-7.
  151. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996;348:1329-39.
  152. Ericksson P. Role of aspirin in MATCH [letter]. Lancet 2004;364:1661.
  153. Lanthier S, Kirkham FJ, Mitchell LG, et al. Increased anticardiolipin antibody IgG titers do not predict recurrent stroke or TIA in children. Neurology 2004;62:194-200.
  154. Gage, BF., Yan, Y., Milligan PE., Waterman, AD., Culverhouse, R., Rich, MW. & Radford, MJ. Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: results from the national registry of atrial fibrillation (NRAF). American Heart Journal 2006; 151(3): 713-719.
  155. Gage, BF., Waterman, AD., Shannon, W., Boechler, M., Rich, MW. & Radfor, MJ. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the national registry of atrial fibrillation. Journal of the American Medical Association 2001; 285(22): 2864-2870.
  156. Connolly, SJ., Ezekowitz, MD., Yusuf, S., et al. And the RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran versus Warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. NEJM 2009; 361: 1139-1151.
  157. Phillips SJ, Whisnant JP, O’Fallon WM, Frye RL. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus in Rochester, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc 1990;65:344-359.
  158. Hobbs FDR, Fitzmaurice DA, Mant J, et al. A randomized controlled trial and cost-effectiveness study of systematic screening (targeted and total population screening) versus routine practice for the detection of atrial fibrillation in people aged 65 and over. The SAFE study. Health Technology Assessment. 2005; 9:1-74.
  159. Miyasaka Y, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Cha SS, Bailey KR, Abhayaratna WP, Seward JB, Tsang TSM. Secular trends in incidence of atrial fibrillation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1980 to 2000, and implications on the projections for future prevalence. Circulation. 2006; 114: 119-25.
  160. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham study. Stroke. 1991; 22: 983-88.
  161. Kimura K, Minematsu K, Yamaguchi T, for the Japan Multicenter Stroke Investigators’ Collaboration: Atrial fibrillation as a predictive factor for severe stroke and early death in 15,831 patients with acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76: 679– 683.
  162. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146:857-67.
  163. Connolly S, Pogue J, Hart R, et al.; ACTIVE Writing Group of the ACTIVE Investigators. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367: 1903-12.
  164. ACTIVE Investigators. Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360: 2066-78.
  165. Mant J, Hobbs R, Fletcher K, et al.; BAFTA Investigators; Midland Research Practices Network (MidReC). Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study, BAFTA): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;370:493-503.
  166. EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group. Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischemic attack or minor stroke. Lancet 1993;342:1255-62.
  167. Morocutti C, Amabile G, Fattapposta F, et al. Indobufen versus warfarin in the secondary prevention of major vascular events in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. SIFA (Studio Italiano Fibrillazione Atriale) Investigators. Stroke 1997;28:1015-21.
  168. Saxena R., Koudstaal PJ. Anticoagulants versus antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation and a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD000187.
  169. Berge E, Sandercock PAG. Anticoagulants versus antiplatelet agents for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003242. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003242.
  170. Hansen, ML., Sorensen, R., Clausen, MT., Fog-Petersen, ML., Raunso, J., Gladsboll, N., Gislason, GH., Folke, F., Anderson, SS., Schramm, TK., Abildstrom, SZ., Poulsen, HE., Kober, L. & Torp-Pedersen, C. Risk of bleeding with single, dual, or triple therapy with warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel in patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170(16): 1433-1441.
  171. Gladstone D, et al. Potentially preventable strokes in high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation who are not adequately anticoagulated. Stroke. 2009; 40: 235-40.
  172. Hylek EM, Go AS, Chang Y, et al. Effect of intensity of oral anticoagulation on stroke severity and mortality in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2003; 349: 1019-26.
  173. Gage BF. Can we rely on RE-LY? N Engl J Med. 2009; 361: 1200-2.
  174. Birman-Deych E, Radford MJ, Nilasena DS, Gage BF. Use and effectiveness of warfarin in Medicare beneficiaries with atrial fibrillation. Stroke. 2006; 37: 1070-4.
  175. Hankey, GJ. At last, a RE-LYable alternative to warfarin for atrial fibrillation. International Journal of Stroke 2009; 4: 454-455.
  176. Brott, TG., Hobson, RW., Howard, G. Et al for the CREST Investigators. Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:11-23.
  177. Ferguson GG, Eliasziw M, Barr HWK, et al.; North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) Collaborators. The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial: surgical results in 1415 patients. Stroke 1999;30:1751-8.
  178. Randomised trial of endartertectomy for recently symptomatic carotis stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 1998; 351:1379-87.
  179. Mayberg MR, Wilson SE, Yatsu F, et al. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program 309 Trialist Group. Carotid endarterectomy and prevention of cerebral ischemia in symptomatic carotid stenosis. JAMA 1991;266:3289-94.
  180. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, et al.; Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists’ Collaboration. Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet 2003;361:107-16.
  181. Bond R, Rerkasem K, Rothwell PM. Systematic review of the risks of carotid endarterectomy in relation to the clinical indication for and timing of surgery. Stroke 2003;34:2290-301.
  182. Gladstone D, Oh J, Fang J, Lindsay P, Tu J, Silver F and Kapral M. Urgency of carotid endarterectmy for secondary stroke prevention results from the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network. Stroke 2009;40;8;2776
  183. Chaturvedi S, Bruno A, Feasby T. Carotid endarterectomy — an evidence-based review: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2005;65:794-801.
  184. Alamowitch S, Eliasziw M, Barnett HJM; North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET); ASA Trial Group; Carotid Endarterectomy (ACE) Trial Group. The risk and benefit of endarterectomy in women with symptomatic internal carotid artery disease. Stroke 2005;36:27-31.
  185. Rothwell PM, Eliasziw M, Gutnikov SA, et al.; Carotid Endarterectomy Trialists’ Collaboration. Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery. Lancet 2004;363:915-24.
  186. Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS) Group. Endarterectomy for asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis. JAMA 1995;273:1421-8.
  187. Halliday A, Mansfield A, Marro J, et al.; MRC Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial (ACST) Collaborative Group. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endartertectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;363:1491-502.
  188. Mackey AE, Abrahamowicz M, Langlois Y, et al. Outcome of asymptomatic patients with carotid disease. Asymptomatic Cervical Bruit Study Group. Neurology 1997;48:896-903.
  189. Gladstone DJ, Sahlas DJ. Should people with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis undergo endarterectomy for primary stroke prevention? CMAJ 2004;171:726-7.
  190. Kennedy J, Quan H, Ghali WA, et al. Importance of the imaging modality in decision making about carotid endarterectomy. Neurology 2004;62:901-4.
  191. Fairhead JF, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM. Population-based study of delays in carotid imaging and surgery and the risk of recurrent stroke. Neurology 2005;65:371-5.
  192. Jörg E, Roland L and Featherstone M. Randomized controlled trials comparing endarterectomy and endovascular treatment for carotid artery stenosis. A Cochrane Systematic Review. Stroke 2009;40;1373
  193. Meier, P., Knapp, G., Tamhane, U., Chaturvedi, S. & Gurm, HS. Short term and intermediate term comparison of endarterectomy versus stenting for carotid artery stenosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled clinical trials. BMJ 2010; 340:c467.
  194. ICSS investigators. Carotid artery stenting compared with endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (International Carotid Stenting Study): an interim analysis of a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 2010; 375(9719): 985-997.
    1. Carotid Stenting Trialists Collaboration. Short-term outcome after stenting versus endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis: a preplanned meta-analysis of individual patient data. The Lancet, 2010;376: 1062 – 1073.
  195. CAST (Chinese Acute Stroke Trial) Collaborative Group. CAST: randomised placebo-controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20,000 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997;349:1641-9.
  196. Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Chandratheva A, et al. Effect of urgent treatment of transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke on early recurrent stroke (EXPRESS study): a prospective population-based sequential comparison. Lancet 2007;370: 1432-42.
  197. Easton, JD., Saver, JL., Albers, GW., Alberts, MJ., Chaturvedi, S., Feldmann, E., Hatsukami, TS., Higashida, RT., Johnston, SC., Kidwell, CS., Lutsep, HL., Miller, E. & Sacco, RL. Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/American stroke association stroke council; council on cardiovascular surgery and anesthesia; council on cardiovascular radiology and intervention; council on cardiovascular nursing; and the interdisciplinary council of peripheral vascular disease. Stroke 2009; 40(6): 2276-2293.
  198. World Health Organization (2006). WHO STEPS Stroke Manual: The WHO STEPwise approach to stroke surveillance. Geneva, World Health Organization.
  199. Chandratheva, A., Lasserson, DS., Geraghty, OC. & Rothwell, PM.Population-based study of behaviour immediately after transient ischemic attack and minor stroke in 1000 consecutive patients. Stroke 2010; 41: 1108-1114.
  200. Giles MF, Rothwell PM. Risk of stroke early after transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:1063-72.
  201. Rothwell, PM., Coull, AJ., Silver, LE., Fairhead, JF., Giles, MF., Lovelock, CE., Redgrave, JNE., Bull, LM., Welch, SJV., Cuthbertson, FC., Binney, LE., Gutnikov, SA., Anslow, P., Banning, AP., Man, D. & Mehta, Z. Population-based study of event-rate, incidence, case fatality, and mortality for all acute vascular events in all arterial territories (Oxford Vascular Study). The Lancet 2005; 366(9499): 1773-1783.
  202. Kennedy J, Hill MD, Ryckborst KJ, et al.; FASTER Investigators. Fast assessment of stroke and transient ischaemic attack to prevent early recurrence (FASTER): a randomised controlled pilot trial. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:961-9.
  203. Lavalee, PC., Meseguer, E., Abboud, H., Carejo, L., Olivot, J.-M., Simon, O., Nifle, C., Niclot, P., Lapergue, B., Klein, IF., Brochet, E., Steg, PG., Leseche, G., Labreuche, J., Touboul, P.-J. & Amarenco, P. A transient ischaemic attack clinic with round-the-clock access (SOS-TIA): feasibility and effects. Lancet Neurology 2007; 6(11): 953-960.
  204. Rothwell PM, Giles MF, Flossmann E, et al. A simple score (ABCD) to identify individuals at high early risk of stroke after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2005;366:29-36.
  205. Johnston SC, Rothwell PM, Nguyen-Huynh MN, et al. Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2007;369:283-92.
  206. National Association of EMS Physicians. Role of EMS in the management of acute stroke: triage, treatment and stroke systems. Lenexa (KS): The Association; 2007. Available: www.naemsp.org/position.html (accessed 2008 Oct 20).
  207. Bluhmki, E., Chamorro, A., Davalos, A., Machnig, T., Sauce, C., Wahlgren, N., Wardlaw, J. & Hacke, W. Stroke treatment with alteplase given 3.0-4.5h after onset of acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS III): additional outcomes and subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology 2009; 8(12):1095-1102.
  208. Crocco TJ. Streamlining stroke care: from symptom onset to emergency department. J Emerg Med 2007;33:255-60.
  209. Fischer, CE., Barnung, S., Nielsen, SL. & Rasmussen, LS. Prehospital identification of stroke-room for improvement. European Journal of Neurology 2008; 15(8): 792-796.
  210. The future of EMS in Canada: defining the new road ahead. Calgary (AB): Emergency Medical Services Chiefs of Canada; 2006. Available: www.semsa.org/Downloadables/EMSCC-Primary%20Health%20Care.pdf (accessed 2008 Oct 20).
  211. Acker JE 3rd, Pancioli AM, Crocco TJ, et al. Implementation strategies for emergency medical services within stroke systems of care: a policy statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Expert Panel on Emergency Medical Services Systems and the Stroke Council. Stroke 2007;38:3097-115.
  212. Kothari RU, Pancioli A, Liu T, et al. Cincinnati prehospital stroke scale: reproducibility and validity. Ann Emerg Med 1999;33:373-8.
  213. Kidwell CS, Starkman S, Eckstein M, et al. Identifying stroke in the field: prospective validation of the Los Angeles prehospital stroke screen (LAPSS). Stroke 2000; 31:71-6.
  214. Chenkin, J., Gladstone, DJ., Verbeek, PR., Lindsay, P., Fang, J., Black, SE. & Morrison, L. Predictive value of the Ontario prehospital stroke screening tool for the identification of patients with acute stroke. Prehospital Emergency Care 2009; 13(2): 152-159.
  215. Douen, AG., Pageau, N. & Medic, S. Serial electrocariographic assessments significantly improve atrial fibrillation 2.6-fold in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 2008; 39(2): 480-482.
  216. Summers D, Leonard A, Wentworth D, Saver JL, Simpson J, Spilker JA, Hock N, Miller E, Mitchell PH; on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and the Stroke Council. Comprehensive overview of nursing and interdisciplinary care of the acute ischemic stroke patient: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2009;40:2911–2944.
  217. Jones, BP., Ganesan, V., Saunders, DE. & KllingChong, W. Imaging in childhood arterial ischaemic stroke. Neuroradiology 2010; 52(6):577-589.
  218. Wardlaw JM, Keir SL, Seymour J, et al. What is the best imaging strategy for acute stroke? Health Technol Assess 2004;8:1-180.
  219. Fullerton HJ, Wu YW, Sidney S, et al. Risk of recurrent childhood arterial ischemic stroke in a population-based cohort: the importance of cerebrovascular imaging. Pediatrics 2007;119:495-501.
  220. Srinivasan, J., Miller, S. P., Phan, T. G. & Mackay, M. T. Delayed recognition of initial stroke in children: need for increased awareness. Pediatrics 124, e227–e234
  221. Rafay, M. F. et al. Delay to diagnosis in acute pediatric arterial ischemic stroke. Stroke 40,58–64 (2009)
  222. Schaer, BA., Zellweger, MJ., Cron, TA., Kaiser, CA. & Osswald, S. Value of routine holter monitoring for the detection of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with cerebral ischemic events. Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation 2004; 35(3):e68-70.
  223. Geeganage, CM., Bath, PMW. Relationship between therapeutic changes in blood pressure and outcomes in acute stroke: a metaregression. Hypertension 2009; 54: 775-781.
  224. Ahmed, N., Wahlgren, N., Brainin, M . et. al. For the SITS Investigators. Relationship of blood pressure, antihypertensive therapy, and outcome in ischemic stroke treated with intravenous thrombolysis: a retrospective analysis from the safe implementation of thrombolysis in stroke-international stroke thrombolysis register (SITS-ISTR). Stroke 2009; 40: 2442-2449.
  225. Morgenstern, LB., Hemphill, JC., Anderson, C et.al. on behalf of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2010; 41: 2108-2129.
  226. Gegganage, C. & Bath, PMW. Interventions for deliberately altering blood pressure in acute stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008; 4: CD000039.
  227. Geeganage, C. & Bath PMW. Vasoactive drugs for acute stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010; 7: CD002839.
  228. Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Sandercock PA, et al.; GIST Trialists Collaboration. Glucose- potassium-insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: the UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK). Lancet Neurol 2007; 6:397-406.
  229. Wong, A. & Read, S. Early changes in physiological variables after stroke. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 2008; 11(4): 207-220.
  230. Fuentes, B., JoseCastill, Jose, BS., Leira, R., Serena, J., JoseVivancos, Davalos, A., Nunez, AG., JoseEgido & Diez-Tejedor, E. The prognostic value of capillary glucose levels in acute stroke the GLycemia in acute stroke (GLIAS) study. Stroke 2009; 40(2):562-568.
  231. Latorre, JGS., Chou, SH-Y., Nogueira, RG., Singhal, AB., Carter, BS., Ogilvy, CS. & Rordorf, GA. Effective glycemic control with aggressive hyperglycemia management is associated with improved outcome in aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2009; 40(5): 1644-1652.
  232. Pexman, JHW., Barber, PA., Hill, MD., Sevick, RJ., Demchuk, AM., Hudon, ME., Hu, WY. & Buchan, AM. Use of the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) for assessing CT scans in patients with acute stroke. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2001; 22(8): 1534-1542.
  233. Marler, JR., Tiley, BC., Lu, M., Brott, TG., Lyden, PC., Grotta, JC., Broderick, JP., Levine, SR., Frankel, MP., Horowitz, SH., Haley Jr. EC., Lewandowski, CA. & Kwiatkowski, TP. Early stroke treatment associated with better outcome: the NINDS rt-PA stroke study. Neurology 2000; 11: 1649-1655.
  234. Wardlaw JM, Murray, V., Berge,E., del Zoppo, GJ. Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2009;(4):CD000213.
  235. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1581-7.
  236. Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C, et al. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet 2004;363:768-74.
  237. Hill MD, Buchan AM; Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study (CASES) Investigators. Thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: results of the Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study. CMAJ 2005;172:1307-12.
  238. Lansberg M, Bluhmki E, Thjs V. Efficacy and Safety of Tissue Plasminogen Activator 3 to 4.5 Hours After Acute Ischemic Stroke – A Metaanalysis. Stroke 2009;40;2438
  239. Wahlgren N, Ahmed N, Davalos A, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke in the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST): an observational study. Lancet 2007;369:275-82.
  240. Wahlgren N, Ahmed N, Dávalos A, et al.; SITS investigators. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3–4.5 h after acute ischaemic stroke (SITS-ISTR): an observational study. Lancet 2008;372:1303-9.
  241. Norris JW, Buchan A, Côté R, et al. Canadian guidelines for intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute stroke. A consensus statement of the Canadian Stroke Consortium. Can J Neurol Sci 1998;25:257-9.
  242. Sandercock PAG, Counsell C, Gubitze GJ, Tseng MC. Antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009;3:CD000029.
  243. Sandercock PAG, Counsell C, Gubitz GJ, et al. Antiplatelet therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(3): CD000029.
  244. Ovbiagele B, Saver JL, Fredieu A, et al. In-hospital initiation of secondary stroke prevention therapies yields high rates of adherence at follow-up. Stroke 2004; 35: 2879-83.
  245. Sandvei, MS., Romundstad, PR., Muller, TB., Vatten, L., Vik, A. Risk factors for aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage in a prospective population study: the HUNT study in Norway. Stroke 2009; 40(6):1958-1962.
  246. Cross DT, Tirschwell DL, Clark MA, Tuden D, Derdeyn CP, Moran CJ, Dacey RG Jr. Mortality rates after subarachnoid hemorrhage: variations according to hospital case volume in 18 states. J Neurosurg. 2003; 99: 810–817
  247. Eden, SV., Meurer, WJ., Sanchez, BN., Lisabeth, LD., Smith, MA., Brown, DL. & Morgenstern, LB. Gender and ethnic differences in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 2008; 71(10): 731-735.
  248. Lovelock, CE., Rinkel, GJ. & Rothwell, PM. Time trends in outcome of subarachnoid hemorrhage: Population-based study and systematic review. Neurology 2010; 74(19):1494-14501.
  249. Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley EC, et al. The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. Part 1: Overall management results. J Neurosurg 1990; 73:18-36.
  250. deGans K, Nieuwkamp DJ, et al. Timing of aneurysmal surgery in subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review of the literature. Neurosurgery, 2002; 50(2):336-40.
  251. Kassell NF, Adams HP Jr, Torner JC, et al. Influence of timing of admission after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage on overall outcome. Report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Stroke 1981; 12:620-3.
  252. Molyneux A, Kerr R, Stratton I, et al.; International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) Collaborative Group. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 360:1267-74.
  253. Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Yu LM, et al.; International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) Study Group. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion. Lancet 2005; 366:809-17.
  254. Diringer, MN., Skolnick, BE., Mayer, SA., Steiner, T., Davis, SM., Brun, NC. & Broderick, JP. Thromboembolic events with recombinant activated factor vii in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: Results from the factor sever for acute hemorrhagic stroke (FAST) trial. Stroke 2010; 41(1): 48-53.
  255. Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM, et al. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet 2005; 365: 387-397.
  256. Huisa, BN., Stemer, AB. & Zivin, JA. Atorvastatin in stroke: a review of SPARCL and subgroup analysis. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2010; 6: 229-236.
  257. Hill, MD., Silver, FL., Austin, PC. & Tu, JV. Rate of stroke recurrence in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2000; 31(1): 123-127.
  258. Goldstein, LB. & Simel, DL. Is this patient having a stroke? Journal of the American Medical Association 2005; 293(19):2391-2402.
  259. Ariesen, MJ., Claus, SP., Rinkel, GJE. & Algra, A. Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population: a systematic review. Stroke 2003; 34: 2060-2065.
  260. Brazzelli, M., Sandercock, PAG., Chappell, FM., Celani, MG., Righetti, E., Arestis, M., Wardlaw, JM. & Deeks, JJ., Magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography for detection of acute vascular lesions in patients presenting with stroke symptoms. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009; 4:CD007424.
  261. Chalela, JA., Kidwell, CS., Nentwich, LM., Luby, M., Butman, JA., Demchuk, AM., Hill, MD., Patronas, N., Latour, L. & Warach, S. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in emergency assessment of patients with suspected acute stroke: a prospective comparison. Lancet 2007; 369(9558): 293-298.
  262. Kidwell, CS., Chalela, JA., Saver, JL., Starkman, S., Hill, MD., Demchuk, AM., Butman, JA., Patronas, N., Alger, JR., Latour, LL., Luby, ML., Baird, AE., Leary, MC., Tremwel, M., Ovbiagele, B., Fredieu, A., Suzuki, S., Villabianca, JP., Davis, S., Dunn, B., Todd, JW., Esseddine, MA., Haymore, J., Lynch, JK., Davis, L. & Warach, S. Comparison of MRI and CT for detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004; 292(15):1823-1830.
  263. Prasad K, Mendelow AD, Gregson B. Surgery for primary supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(4):CD000200.
  264. Ronning OM, Guldvog B, Stavem K. The benefit of acute stroke units in patients with intracranial haemorrhage: a controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:631-4.
  265. Diringer, MN. & Edwards, DF. Admission to a neurologic/neurosurgical intensive care unit is associated with reduced mortality rate after intracerebral hemorrhage. Critical Care Medicine 2001; 29(3): 635-640.
  266. Langhorne P, Pollock A; Stroke Unit Trialists’ Collaboration. What are the components of effective stroke unit care? Age Ageing 2002;31:365-71.
  267. Stroke Unit Trialists’ Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(4):CD000197.
  268. Indredavik B, Rohweder G, Naalsund E, et al. Medical complications in a comprehensive stroke unit and an early supported discharge service. Stroke 2008;39: 414-20.
  269. Seenan P, Long M, Langhorne P. Stroke units in their natural habitat: systematic review of observational studies. Stroke 2007;38:1886-92.
  270. Kalra, L. & Langhorne, P. Facilitating recovery: Evidence for organized stroke care. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2007; 39(2): 97-102.
  271. Côté R, Battista RN, Wolfson C, et al. The Canadian Neurological Scale: Validation and reliability assessment. Neurology 1989;39:638-43.
  272. Côté R, Hachinski VC, Shurvell BL, et al. The Canadian Neurological Scale: a preliminary study in acute stroke. Stroke 1986;17:731-7.
  273. Brott T, Adams HP, Olinger CP, et al. Measurements of acute cerebral infarction: a clinical examination scale. Stroke 1989;20:864-70.
  274. Bushnell CD, Johnston D, Goldstein LB. Retrospective assessment of initial stroke severity. Comparison of the NIH Stroke Scale and the Canadian Neurological Scale. Stroke 2001;32:656-60.
  275. The CLOTS Trials Collaboration. Effectiveness of thigh-length graduated compression stockings to reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis after stroke (CLOTS trial 1): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet 2009; 373(9679):1958-1965.
  276. Sorbello, D., Dewey, HM., Churilov, L., Thrift, AG., Collier, JM., Donnan, G. & Bernhardt, J. Very early mobilisation and complications in the first 3 months after stroke: Further results from phase II of a very early rehabilitation trial (AVERT). Cerebrovascular Diseases 2009; 28(4): 378-383.
  277. Canadian Dental Association (2009). Optimal oral health for frail older adults: best practice along the continuum of care. Available at: http://www.cda-adc.ca/ _files/dental_profession/practising/best_practices_seniors/optimal_oral_health_older_adults_2009.pdf
  278. McLean, DE. Medical complications experienced by a cohort of stroke survivors during inpatient, tertiary-level stroke rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004; 85(4): 466-469.
  279. Sherman DG, Albers GW, Bladin C, et al.; PREVAIL Investigators. The efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischaemic stroke (PREVAIL Study): an openlabel randomised comparison. Lancet 2007;369:1347-55.
  280. Amaragiri, SV. & Lees, TA. Elastic compression stockings for prevention of deep vein thrombosis. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) 2000; 3: CD001484.
  281. Andre, C., De Freitas, GR. & Fukujima, MM. Prevention of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism following stroke: A systematic review of publish articles. European Journal of Neurology 2007; 14(1):21-32.
  282. Mazzone, C., Chiodo, GF., Sandercock, P., Miccio, M. & Salvi, R. Physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis in stroke. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) 2004; 4:CD001922.
  283. Shorr, AF., Jackson, WL., Sherner, JH. & Moores, LK. Differences between low-molecular-weight and unfractionated heparin for venous thromoembolism prevention following ischemic stroke: a metaanalysis. Chest 2008; 133(1):149-155.
  284. Lacut, K., Bressollette, L., Le Gal, G., Etienne, E., De Tinteniac, A., Renault, A., Rouhart, F., Besson, G., Garcia, J.-F., Mottier, D. & Oger, E. Prevention of venous thrombosis in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2005; 65(6):865-869.
  285. Boeer, A., Voth, E., Henze, T. & Prange, HW. Early heparin therapy in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1991; 54(5): 466-467.
  286. Orken, DN., Kenangil, G., Ozkurt, H., Guner, c., Gundogdu, L., Basak, M. & Forta, H. Prevention of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurologist 2009; 15(6): 329-331.
  287. Tetri, S., Hakala, J., Juvela, S., Saloheimo, P., Pyhtinen, J., Rusanen, H., Savolainen, E-R. & Hillbom, M. Safety of low-dose subcutaneous enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after primary intracerebral haemorrhage. Thrombosis Research 2008; 123(2): 206-212.
  288. Saini M, Saqque M, Kamruzzaman A, Lees KR & Shuaib A. Effect of Hyperthermia on Prognosis after Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2009;40;9;-3051
  289. Azzimondi G, Bassein L, Nonino F, Fiorani L, Vignatelli L, Re G, D’Alessandro R. Fever in acute stroke worsens prognosis: a prospective study. Stroke. 1995;26:2040–2043.
  290. Karaszewski, B., Wardlaw, JM., Marshall, I., Cvoro, v., Wartolowska, K., Haga, K., Armitage, PA., Bastin, ME. & Dennis, Ms. Measurement of brain temperature with magnetic resonance spectroscopy in acute ischemic stroke. Annals of Neurology 2006; 60(4): 438-446.
  291. Reith J, Jorgensen HS, Pedersen PM, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Jeppesen LL, Olsen TS. Body temperature in acute stroke: relation to stroke severity, infarct size, mortality, and outcome. Lancet. 1996;347: 422– 425.
  292. Castillo J, Davalos A, Marrugat J, Noya M. Timing for fever-related brain damage in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1998;29:2455–2460.
  293. Kammersgaard LP, Jørgensen HS, Rungby JA, Reith J, Nakayama H, Weber UJ, Houth J, Olsen TS. Admission body temperature predicts long-term mortality after acute stroke: the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 2002; 33:1759 –1762.
  294. Wang Y, Lim LL, Levi C, Heller RF, Fisher J. Influence of admission body temperature on stroke mortality. Stroke. 2000;31:404–409.
  295. Jones SP, Leathley MJ, McAdam JJ, et al. Physiological monitoring in acute stroke: a literature review. J Adv Nurs 2007;60:577-94.
  296. Bernhardt J, Thuy MNT, Collier JM, Legg LA. Very early versus delayed mobilisation after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009;1: CD006187
  297. Bernhardt J, Dewey H, Thrift A, et al. A Very Early Rehabilitation Trial for stroke (AVERT): phase II safety and feasibility. Stroke 2008;39:390-6.
  298. Langhorne P, Dey P, Woodman M, Kalra L, Wood-Dauphinee S, Patel N, Hamrin E. Is stroke unit care portable? A systematic review of the clinical trials. Age and Ageing 2005; 34(4): 324-330.
  299. Stroke Unit Trialists’ Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007; 4: CD000197.
  300. Diserens, K., Michel, P. & Bogousslavsky, J. Early mobilisation after stroke: Review of the literature. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2006; 22(2-3):183-190.
  301. Tyedin, K., Cumming, TB. & Bernhardt, J. Quality of life: an important outcome measure in a trial of very early mobilisation after stroke. Disabil Rehabil 2010; 32(11): 875-884.
  302. Bernhardt J. Very early mobilization following acute stroke: Controversies, the unknowns, and a way forward. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2008;11:88-98
  303. Masters L, Barreca S, Ansley B, et al. Functional mobility training for individuals admitted to acute care following stroke: a prospective study. Top Stroke Rehabil 2007;14(5):1-11.
  304. Arias M, Smith LN. Early mobilization of acute stroke patients. J Clin Nurs 2007; 16:282-8.
  305. Simforoosh N, Dadkhah F, Hosseini SY, et al. Accuracy of residual urine measurement in men: comparison between real time ultrasonography and catheterization. J Urol 1997;158:59-61.
  306. Thomas LH, Cross S, Barrett J, et al. Treatment of urinary incontinence after stroke in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(1):CD004462.
  307. Dumoulin C, Korner-Bitensky N, Tannenbaum C. Urinary incontinence after stroke: identification, assessment, and intervention by rehabilitation professionals in Canada. Stroke 2007;38:2745-51.
  308. Dennis MS, Lewis SC, Warlow C; FOOD Trial Collaboration. Routine oral nutritional supplementation for stroke patients in hospital (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365:755-63.
  309. Dennis MS, Lewis SC, Warlow C; FOOD Trial Collaboration. Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365:764-72.
  310. Martineau J, Bauer JD, Isenring E, et al. Malnutrition determined by the patient generated subjective global assessment is associated with poor outcomes in acute stroke patients. Clin Nutr 2005;24:1073-7.
  311. Horn SD, DeJong G, Smout RJ, et al. Stroke rehabilitation patients, practice, and outcomes: Is earlier and more aggressive therapy better? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86(12 Suppl 2):S101-14.
  312. Yoon MN, Steele CM. The oral care imperative: the link between oral hygiene and aspiration pneumonia. Top Geriatr Rehabil 2007;23:280-8.
  313. Millns B, Gosney M, Jack CI, et al. Acute stroke predisposes to oral gram-negative bacilli — a cause of aspiration pneumonia? Gerontology 2003;49:173-6.
  314. Watando A, Ebihara S, Ebihara T, et al. Daily oral care and cough reflex sensitivity in elderly nursing home patients. Chest 2004;126:1066-70.
  315. Brady M, Furlanetto D, Hunter RV, et al. Staff-led interventions for improving oral hygiene in patients following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(4):CD003864.
  316. Brady MC, Furlanetto DL, Hunter RV, et al. Improving oral hygiene in stroke patients. Stroke 2007;38:1115-6.
  317. Talbot A, Brady M, Furlanetto DL, et al. Oral care and stroke units. Gerodontology 2005;22:77-83.
  318. Pow EH, Leung KC, Wong MC, et al. A longitudinal study of the oral health condition of elderly stroke survivors on hospital discharge into the community. Int Dent J 2005;55:319-24.
  319. Briggs, L. A., Kirchhoff, K. T., Hammes, B. J., Song, M. K., & Colvin, E. R. (2004). Patient-Centered Advance Care Planning in Special Patient Populations: A Pilot Study. Journal of Professional Nursing, 20, 47-58.
  320. Johnstone, M. J. (2009). Ethics and Advance Care Planning in a Culturally Diverse Society. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 20, 405-416.
  321. Malcomson, H. & Bisbee, S. (2009). Perspectives of healthy elders on advance care planning. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 21, 18-23.
  322. Dizon, D. S., Schutzer, M. E., Politi, M. C., Linkletter, C. D., Miller, S. C., & Clark, M. A. (2009). Advance care planning decisions of women with cancer: provider recognition and stability of choices. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 27, 383-395.
  323. Fried, T. R., Bullock, K., Iannone, L., & O’Leary, J. R. (2009). Understanding advance care planning as a process of health behavior change. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57, 1547-1555.
  324. Simon, J., Murray, A., & Raffin, S. (2008). Facilitated advance care planning: what is the patient experience? Journal of Palliative Care, 24, 256-264.
  325. Davison, S. (2008). Advance Care Planning in Chronic Illness (Rep. No. 162).
  326. World Health Organization (2010). WHO definition of palliative care. World Health Organization [On-line]. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en/.
  327. Payne, S., Burton, C., ddington-Hall, J., & Jones, A. (2009). End-of-life issues in acute stroke care: a qualitative study of the experiences and preferences of patients and families. Palliative Medicine, 0, 1-8.
  328. March, P. D. & Kornusky, J. (2-12-2010). End-of-Life Care and Decision Making. Pravikoff, D. -2p. Glendale, California, Cinahl Information Systems.
  329. Davison, S. N., Jhangri, G. S., Holley, J. L., & Moss, A. H. (2006). Nephrologists’ reported preparedness for end-of-life decision-making. Clinical Journal Of The American Society Of Nephrology: CJASN, 1, 1256-1262.
  330. Kahana, B., Dan, A., Kahana, E., & Kercher, K. (2004). The personal and social context of planning for end-of-life care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52, 1163-1167.
  331. Steinhauser, K., Clipp, E., McNeilly, M., Christakis, N., McIntyre, L., & Tulsky, J. (2000). In Search of a Good Death: Observations of Patients, Families, and Providers. Annals of Internal Medicine, 132, 825-832.
  332. Pinto, S. & Caple, C. (1-29-2010). Palliative Care Teams. Pravikoff, D. -2p. Glendale, California, Cinahl Information Systems.
  333. Evans A, Harraf F, Donaldson N, Kalra L. Randomized controlled study of stroke unit care versus stroke team care in different stroke subtypes. Stroke.; 2002;33:449 – 455
  334. World Health Organization (2010). International classification of function, disability and health (ICF). World Health Organization [On-line]. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/classifications/icf/en/.
  335. Ustun, TB., Chatterji, S., Bickenbach, J., Kostanjsek, N. & Schneider, M. The international classification of functioning, disability and health: a new tool for understanding disability and health. Disability and Rehabilitation 2003; 25(11-12): 565-571.
  336. Miller, EL., Murray, L., Richards, L., Zorowitz, RD., Bakas, T., Clark, P. & Billinger, SA. Comprehensive overview of nursing and interdisciplinary rehabilitation care of the stroke patient: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Stroke (In press).
  337. Gresham, GE., Duncan, PW., Stason, WB., Adams Jr, HP., Adelman, AM., Alexander, DN., Bishop, DS., Diller, L., Donaldson, NE., Granger, CV., Holland, AL., Kelly-Hayes, M., McDowell, FH., Myers, L., Phipps, MA>, Roth, EJ., Siebens, HC., Tarvin, GA. & Trombly, CA. Post-stroke rehabilitation: assessment, referral and patient management. American Family Physician 1995; 52(2): 461-470.
  338. Asberg, H. & Nydevik, I. Early prognosis of stroke outcome by means of Katz index of activities of daily living. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1991; 23(4): 187-191.
  339. Evans A, Perez I, Harraf F, et al. Can differences in management processes explain different outcomes between stroke unit and stroke-team care? Lancet 2001;358: 1586-92.
  340. Langhorne P, Duncan P. Does the organization of postacute stroke care really matter? Stroke 2001;32:268-74.
  341. Masiero S, Briani C, Marchese-Ragona R, et al. Successful treatment of longstanding post-stroke dysphagia with botulinum toxin and rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med 2006;38:201-3.
  342. Robbins J, Jays SA, Gangnon RE, et al. The effects of lingual exercise in stroke patients with dysphagia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007;88:150-8.
  343. Shaker R, Easterling C, Kern M, et al. Rehabilitation of swallowing by exercise in tube-fed patients with pharyngeal dysphagia secondary to abnormal UES opening. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1314-21.
  344. Singh S, Hamdy S. Dysphagia in stroke patients. Postgrad Med J 2006;82:383-91.
  345. Cifu DX, Stewart DG. Factors affecting functional outcome after stroke: a critical review of rehabilitation interventions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999;80(5 Suppl 1): S35-9.
  346. Ottenbacher KJ, Jannell S. The results of clinical trials in stroke rehabilitation research. Arch Neurol 1993;50:37-44.
  347. Paolucci, S., Antonucci, G., Grasso, MG., Morelli, D., Troisi, E., Cairo, P. & Bragoni, M. Early versus delayed inpatient stroke rehabilitation: a matched comparison conducted in Italy. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000;81(6):695-700.
  348. Consensus Panel on the Stroke Rehabilitation System to the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Consensus Panel on the Stroke Rehabilitation System: time is function. Toronto (ON): Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario; 2007.
  349. Oczkowski WJ, Barreca S. The functional independence measure: its use to identify rehabilitation needs in stroke survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993; 74(12): 1291-1294.
  350. Ween, JE., Alexander, MP., D’Esposito, M. & Roberts, M. Factors predictive of stroke outcome in a rehabilitation setting. Neurology 1996; 47(2): 388-392.
  351. Alexander, MP. Stroke rehabilitation outcome: a potential use of predictive variables to establish levels of care. Stroke 1994; 25(1):128-134.
  352. Langhorne P, Taylor G, Murray G, et al. Early supported discharge services for stroke patients: a meta-analysis of individual patients’ data. Lancet 2005;365:501-6.
  353. Kalra L, Eade J. Role of stroke rehabilitation units in managing severe disability after stroke. Stroke 1995;26:2031-4.
  354. Kalra L, Dale P, Crome P. Improving stroke rehabilitation. A controlled study. Stroke 1993;24:1462-7.
  355. De Wit L, Putman K, Schuback B, et al. Motor and functional recovery after stroke: a comparison of 4 European rehabilitation centers. Stroke 2007;38:2101-7.
  356. De Wit L, Putman K, Dejaeger E, et al. Use of time by stroke patients: a comparison of four European rehabilitation centers. Stroke 2005;36:1977-83.
  357. Dey P, Woodman M, Steele R, et al. Early assessment by a mobile stroke team: A randomized controlled trial. Age and Ageing, 2005;34:331-338.
  358. Ováry C, Szegedi N, May Z, Gubucz I, Nagy Z. Comparison of stroke ward care versus mobile stroke teams in the Hungarian stroke database project. European Journal of Neurology, 2007 Jul;14(7):757-61.
  359. Kalra L, Evans A, Perez I, Knapp M, Swift C, Donaldson N. A randomised controlled comparison of alternative strategies in stroke care. Health Technol Assess. 2005; 9: 1–94
  360. Langhorne P, Dey P, Woodman M, Kalra L, Wood-Dauphinee A, Patel N, Hamrin E. Is stroke unit care portable? A systematic review of the clinical trials. Age and Ageing. 2005; 34: 324–330.
  361. Conroy BE, Dejong G, Horn SD. Hospital-based stroke rehabilitation in the United States. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2009;16(1):34-43.
  362. Rodgers H, Mackintosh J, Price C, et al. Does an early increased-intensity interdisciplinary upper limb therapy programme following acute stroke improve outcome? Clin Rehabil 2003;17:579-89.
  363. Parry RH, Lincoln NB, Vass CD. Effect of severity of arm impairment on response to additional physiotherapy early after stroke. Clin Rehabil 1999;13:187-98.
  364. Lincoln NB, Parry RH, Vass CD. Randomized, controlled trial to evaluate increased intensity of physiotherapy treatment of arm function after stroke. Stroke 1999;30:573-9.
  365. Gibson JW, Schkade JK. Occupational adaptation intervention with patients with cerebrovascular accident: a clinical study. Am J Occup Ther 1997;51:523-9.
  366. Gilbertson L, Langhorne P, Walker A, et al. Domiciliary occupational therapy for patients with stroke discharged from hospital: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2000;320:603-6.
  367. Drummond A, Walker MF. A randomized controlled trial of leisure rehabilitation after stroke. Clin Rehabil 1995;9:283-90.
  368. Logan PA, Ahern J, Gladman JR, et al. A randomized controlled trial of enhanced Social Service occupational therapy for stroke patients. Clin Rehabil 1997;11: 107-13.
  369. Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment. Website located at: http://www.chedokeassessment.ca/
  370. Barreca SR, Stratford PW, Lambert CL, Masters LM, Streiner DL. Test-retest reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the Chedoke arm and hand activity inventory: a new measure of upper-limb function for survivors of stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005; 86(8): 1616-1622.
  371. Pandyan AD, Johnson GR, Price CIM, Curless RH, Barnes MP, Rodgers H. A review of the properties and limitations of the Asworth and modified Ashworth Scales as measures of spasticity. Clinical Rehabilitation 1999; 13(5): 373-383.
  372. Mathiowetz V, Volland G, Kashman N, Weber K. Adult norms for the Box and Block Test of manual dexterity. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1985; 39(6): 386-391.
  373. Mathiowetz V, Weber K, Kashman N, Volland G. Adult norms for the nine hole peg test of finger dexterity. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 1985; 5(1): 24-38.
  374. Harris JE, Eng JJ. Strength training improves upper-limb function in individuals with stroke: a meta-analysis. Stroke 2010; 41(1): 136-40.
  375. Harris JE, Eng JJ, Miller WC, Dawson. As. A self-administered graded repetitive arm supplementary program (GRASP) improves arm function during inpatient stroke rehabilitation: a multi-site randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2009; 40(6): 2123-2128.
  376. Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment. Available at: http://www.chedokeassessment.ca/ (accessed September, 2010).
  377. Powell, J., Pandyan, AD., Granat, M., Cameron, M. & Stott, DJ. Electrical stimulation of wrist extensors in poststroke hemiplegia. Stroke 1999; 30(7): 1384-1389.
  378. Chae, J., Bethoux, F. Bohinc, T., Dobos, L., Davis, T & Friedl, A. Neuromuscular stimulation for upper extremity motor and functional recovery in acute hemiplegia. Stroke 1998; 29(5): 975-959.
  379. Mangold, S., Schuster, C., Keller, T., Zimmermann-Schlatter, A. & Ettlin, T. Motor training of upper extremity with functional electrical stimulation in early stroke rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2009; 23(2): 184-190.
  380. Hara, Y., Ogawa, S., Tsuijuchi, K. & Muraoka, Y. A home-based rehabilitation program for hemiplegic upper extremity by power-assisted functional electrical stimulation. Disability and Rehabilitation 2008; 30(4): 296-304.
  381. Bolton, DAE., Cauraugh, JH. & Hausenblas, HA. Electromyogram-triggered neuromuscular stimulation and stroke motor recovery of arm/hand functions: a meta-analysis. Journal of Neurological Sciences 2004; 223(2): 121-127.
  382. Cauraugh, JH. & Kim, SB. Stroke motor recovery: active neuromuscular stimulation and repetitive practice schedules. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2003; 74(11): 1562-1566.
  383. Cauraugh, J., Light, K., Kim, S., Thigpen, M. & Behrman, A. Chronic motor dysfunction after stroke: recovering wrist and finger extension by electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation. Stroke 2000; 31(6): 1360-1364.
  384. Cauraugh, JH. & Kim, S. Two coupled motor recovery protocols are better than one: electromyogram-triggered neuromuscular stimulation and bilateral movements. Stroke 2002; 33(6): 1589-1594.
  385. Chan, MK-L., Tong, RK-Y. & Chung, KY-K. Bilateral upper limb training with functional electric stimulation in patients with chronic stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2009; 23(4): 357-365.
  386. Hara, Y. Neurorehabilitation with new functional electrical stimulation for hemiparetic upper extremity in stroke patients. Journal of Nippon Medical School 2008; 75(1): 4-14.
  387. Pak, S. & Patten, C. Strengthening to promote functional recovery poststroke: an evidence-based review. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2008; 15(3): 177-199.
  388. Winstein, CJ. & Wolf, SL. Task oriented training to promote upper extremity recovery. In J. Stein, RL. Harvey, RF. Macko, CJ. Winstein, RD. Zorowitz. Recovery & Rehabilitation (Chapter 17). New York, New York: Demos Medical Publishing.
  389. French, B., Thomas, L., Leathley, M., Sutton, C., McAdam, J., Forster, A., Langhorne, P., Price, C., Walker, A. & Watkins, C. Does repetitive task training improve functional activity after stroke? A Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2010; 42(1): 9-15.
  390. Dromerick, AW., Lang, CE., Birkenmeier, RL., Wagner, JM., Miller, JP., Videen, TO., Powers, WJ., Wolf, SL. & Edwards, DF. Very early constraint-induced movement during stroke rehabilitation (VECTORS): a single-center RCT. Neurology 2009; 73(3): 195-201.
  391. Sawaki, L., Butler, AJ., Leng, X., Wassenaar, PA., Mohammad, YM., Blanton, S., Sathian, K., Nichols-Larsen, DS., Wolf, SL., Good, DC. & Wittenberg, GF. Constraint-induced movement therapy results in increased motor map area in subjects 3 to 9 months after stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2008; 22(5): 505-513.
  392. Boake, C., Noser, EA., Ro, T., Baraniuk, S., Gaber, M., Johnson, R., Salmeron, ET., Tran, TM., Lai, JM., Taub, E., Moye, LA., Grotta, JC. & Levin, HS. Constraint-induced movement therapy during early stroke rehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2007; 21(1): 14-24.
  393. Dromerick, AW., Edwards, DF. & Hahn, M. Does the application of constraint-induced movement therapy during acute rehabilitation reduce arm impairment after ischemic stroke? Stroke 2000; 31(12): 2984-2988.
  394. Page, SJ., Sisto, SA. & Levine, P. Modified constraint-induced therapy in chronic stroke. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002; 81(11): 870-875.
  395. Myint, MW., Yuen, FC., Yu, KK., Kng, PL., Wong, MY., Chow, KC., Li, CK. & Wong, CP. Use of constraint-induced movement therapy in Chinese stroke patients during the sub-acute period. Hong Kong Medical Journal 2008; 14(5): 40-42.
  396. Brogardh, C., Vestling, M. & Sjolund, BH. Shortened constraint-induced movement therapy in subacute stroke- no effect of using a restraint: a randomized controlled study with independent observers. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2009; 41(4): 231-236.
  397. Page, SJ., Sisto, S., Levine, P. & McGrath, RE. Efficacy of modified constraint-induced movement therapy in chronic stroke: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004; 85(1): 14-18.
  398. Lin, K-C., Wu, C-Y., Wei, T-H., Lee, C-Y. & Liu, J-S. Effects of modified constraint-induced movement therapy on reach-to-grasp movements and functional performance after chronic stroke: a randomized controlled study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2007; 21(12): 1075-1086.
  399. Page, SJ., Levine, P., Leonard, A., Szaflarski, JP. & Kissela, BM. Modified constraint-induced therapy in chronic stroke: Results of a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2008; 88(3): 333-340.
  400. Lin, KC., Wu, CY. & Liu, JS. A randomized controlled trial of constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke. Acta neurochirurgica, Supplement 2008; 101: 61-64.
  401. Lin, K-C., Chang, Y-F., Wu, C-Y. & Chen, Y-A. Effects of constraint-induced therapy versus bilateral arm training on motor performance, daily functions, and quality of life in stroke survivors. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2009; 23(5): 441-448.
  402. Riccio, I., Iolascon, G., Barillari, MR., Gimigliano, R. & Gimigliano, F. Mental practice is effective in upper limb recovery after stroke: a randomized single-blind cross-over study. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2010; 46(1): 19-25.
  403. Basmajian, JV., Gowland, C., Brandstater, ME. Et al. EMG feedback treatment of upper limb in hemiplegic stroke patients: a pilot study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1982; 63(12): 613-616.
  404. Basmajian, JV., Gowland, CA., Finlayson, AJ. Et al. Stroke treatment: comparison of integrated behavioural physical therapy vs traditional physical therapy programs. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1987; 68(5): 267-272.
  405. Hurd, WW., Pegram, V. & Nepomuceno, C. Comparison of actual and simulated EMG biofeedback in the treatment of hemiplegic patients. American Journal of Physical Medicine 1980; 59(2): 73-82.
  406. Coupar F, Pollock A, van Wijck F, Morris J, Langhorne P. Simultaneous bilateral training for improving arm function after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 ;4:CD006432.
  407. Gustafsson, L. & McKenna, K. A programme of static positional stretched does not reduce hemiplegic shoulder pain or maintain shoulder range of motion- a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2006; 20(4): 277-286.
  408. De Jong, LD., Nieuwboer, A. & Aufdemkampe, G. Contracture preventive positioning of the hemiplegic arm in subacute stroke patients: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2006; 20(8): 656-667.
  409. Ada, L., Goddard, E., McCully, J., Stavrinos, T. & Bampton, J. Thirty minutes of positioning reduces the development of shoulder external rotation contracture after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005; 86(2): 230-234.
  410. Dean, CM., Mackey, FH. & Katrak, P. Examination of shoulder positioning after stroke: a randomised controlled pilot trial. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2000; 46(1): 35-40.
  411. Borisova, Y. & Bohannon, RW. Positioning to prevent or reduce shoulder range of motion impairments after stroke: a meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation 2009; 23(8): 681-686.
  412. McCrory, P., Turner-Stokes, L., Baguley, IJ., De Graaff, S., Katrak, P., Sandanam, J., Davies, L., Munns, M. & Hughes, A. Botulinum toxin a for treatment of upper limb spasticity following stroke: a multi-centre randomized placebo-controlled study of the effects on quality of life and other person-centred outcomes. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2009; 41(7): 536-544.
  413. Childers, MK., Brashear, A., Jozefczyk, P., Reding, M., Alexander, D., Good, D., Walcott, JM., Jenkins, SW., Turkel, C. & Molloy, PT. Dose-dependent response to intramuscular botulinum toxin type a for upper-limb spasticity in patients after a stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004; 85(7): 1063-1069.
  414. Brashear, A., Gordon, MF., Elovic, E., Kassicieh, VD., Marciniak, C., Do, M., Lee, C-H., Jenkins, S. & Turkel, C. Intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of wrist and finger spasticity after a stroke. New England Journal of Medicine 2002; 347(6): 395-400.
  415. Bakheit, AMO., Pittock, S., Moore, AP., Wurker, M., Otto, S., Erbguth, F. & Coxon, L. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in upper limb spasticity in patient with stroke. European Journal of Neurology 2001; 8(6): 559-565.
  416. Bakheit, AMO., Thilmann, AF., Ward, AB., Poewe, W., Wissel, J., Muller, J., Benecke, R., Collin, C., Muller, F., Ward, CD. & Neumann, C. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to compare the efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) with placebo in upper limb spasticity after strok. Stroke 2000; 31(10): 2402-2406.
  417. Gelber, DA., Good, DC., Dromerick, A., Sergay, S. & Richardson, M. Open-label dose-titration safety and efficacy study of tizanidine hydrochloride in the treatment of spasticity associated with chronic stroke. Stroke 2001; 32(8): 1841-1846.
  418. Kamen, L. Henney III, HR. & Runyan, JD. A practical overview of tizanidine use for spasticity secondary to multiple sclerosis, stroke, and spinal cord injury. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2008; 24(2): 425-439.
  419. Zorowitz, RD., Idank, D., Ikai, T., Hughes, MB. & Johnston, MV. Shoulder subluxation after stroke: a comparison of four supports. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1995; 76(8): 763-771.
  420. Williams, R., Taffs, L. & Minuk, T. Evaluation of two support methods for the sublaxated shoulder of hemiplegic patients. Physical Therapy 1988; 68(8): 1209-1214.
  421. Moodie, BN. & Morgan, GAM. Subluxation of the glenohumeral joint in hemiplegia: evaluation of supportive devices. Physiotherapy Canada 1986; 38(3): 151-157.
  422. Hurd, MM., Farrell, KH. & Waylonis, GW. Shoulder sling for hemiplegia: friend or foe? Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1974; 55(11): 519-522.
  423. Griffin, A. & Bernhardt, J. Strapping the hemiplegic shoulder prevents development of pain during rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2006; 20(4): 287-295.
  424. Hanger, HC., Whitewood, P., Brown, G., Ball, MC., Harper, J., Cox, R. & Sainsbury, R. A randomized controlled trial of strapping to prevent post-stroke shoulder pain. Clinical Rehabilitation 2000; 14(4): 370-380.
  425. Kumar, r., Metter, EJ., Mehta, AJ. & Chew, T. Shoulder pain in hemiplegia: the role of exercise. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1990; 69(4): 205-208.
  426. Ada, L. & Foongchomcheay, A. Efficacy of electrical stimulation in preventing or reducing subluxation of the shoulder after stroke: a meta-analysis. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2002; 48(4): 257-267.
  427. Baker, LL. & Parker, K. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation of the muscles surrounding the shoulder. Physical Therapy 1986; 66(12): 1930-1937.
  428. Faghri, PD., Rodgers, MM., Glaser, RM., Bors, JG., Ho, C. & Akuthota, P. The effects of functional electrical stimulation on shoulder subluxation, arm function recovery, and shoulder pain in hemiplegic stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1994; 75(1): 73-79.
  429. Kobayashi, H., Onishi, H., Ihashi, K., Yagi, R. & Handa, Y. Reduction in subluxation and improved muscle function of the hemiplegic shoulder joint after therapeutic electrical stimulation. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 1999; 9(5): 327-336.
  430. Linn, SL., Granat, MH. & Lees, KR. Prevention of shoulder subluxation after stroke with electrical stimulation. Stroke 1999; 30(5): 963-968.
  431. Wang, R-Y. Chan, R-C. & Tsai, M-W. Functional electrical stimulation on chronic and acute hemiplegic shoulder subluxation. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000; 79(4): 385-390.
  432. Church, C., Price, C., Pandyan, AD., Huntley, S., Curless, R. & Rodgers, H. Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation to the shoulder after acute stroke. Stroke 2006; 37(12): 2995-3001.
  433. Koyuncu, E., Nakipoglu-Yuzer, GF., Dogan, A. & Ozgirgin, N. The effectiveness of functional electrical stimulation for the treatment of shoulder subluxation and shoulder pain in hemiplegic patients: a randomized controlled trial. Disability and Rehabilitation 2010; 32(7): 560-566.
  434. Giudice, ML. Effects of continuous passive motion and elevation on hand edema. The American journal of occupational therapy.: official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association 1990; 44(10): 914-921.
  435. Faghri, PD. The effects of neuromuscular stimulation-induced muscle contraction versus elevation on hand edema in CVA patients. Journal of Hand Therapy 1997; 10(1): 29-34.
  436. Roper, TA., redford, S. & Tallis, RC. Intermittent compression for the treatment of the oedematous hand in hemiplegic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Age and Ageing 1999; 28(1): 9-14.
  437. Kondo, I., Hosokawa, K., Soma, M., Iwata, M. & Maltais, D. Protocol to prevent shoulder-hand syndrome after stroke. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001; 82(11): 1619-1623.
  438. Kalita, J., Vajpayee, A. & Misra, UK. Comparison of prednisolone with piroxicam in complex regional pain syndrome following stroke: a randomized controlled trial. QJM-Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians 2006; 99(2): 89-95.
  439. Braus, DF., Krauss, JK. & Strobel, J. The shoulder-hand syndrome after stroke: a prospective clinical trial. Annals of Neurology 1994; 36(5): 728-733.
  440. Pollock, A., Baer, G., Pomeroy, V. & Langhorne, P. Physiotherapy treatment approached for the recovery of postural control and lower limb function following stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007; 1:CD001920.
  441. Pak, S. & Patten, C. Strengthening to promote functional recovery poststroke: an evidence-based review. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2008; 15(3): 177-199.
  442. Barreca, Sd., Sigouin, CS., Lambert, C. & Ansley, B. Effects of extra training on the ability of stroke survivors to perform an independent sit-to-stand: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy 2004; 27(2): 59-64.
  443. Dean, CM., Richards, CL. & Malouin, F. Task-related circuit training improves performance of locomotor tasks in chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled pilot trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000; 81(4): 409-417.
  444. Salbach, NM., Mayo, NE., Robichaud-Ekstrand, S., Hanley, JA., Richards, CL. & Wood-Dauphinee, S. The effect of a task-oriented walking intervention on improving balance self-efficacy poststroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005; 53(4): 576-582.
  445. Cheng, P-T., Wu, S-H., Liaw, M-Y., Wong, AMK. & Tang, F-T. Symmetrical body-weight distribution training in stroke patients and its effect on fall prevention. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2001; 82(12): 1650-1654.
  446. Kluding, PM. & Santos, M. Effects of ankle joint mobilizations in adults poststroke: a pilot study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2008; 89(3): 449-456.
  447. Kaji, R., Osako, Y., Suyama, K., Maeda, T., Uechi, Y. & Iwasaki, M. Botulinum toxin type A in post-stroke lower limb spasticity: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Neurology 2010; 257(8): 1330-1337.
  448. Pittock, SJ., Moore, AP., Hardiman, O. Ehler, E., Kovac, M., Bojakowski, J., Al Khawaja, I., Brozman, M., Kanovsky, P., Skorometz, A., Slawek, J., Reichel, G., Stenner, A., Timerbaeva, S., Stelmasiak, Z., Zifko, UA., Bhakta, B. & Coxon, E. A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled evaluation of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport®) in the treatment of spastic equinovarus deformity after stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2003; 15(4): 289-300.
  449. Burbaud, P., Wiart, L., Dubos, JL., Gaujard, E., Debelleix, X., Joseph, PA., Mazaux, JM. Bioulac, B., Barat, M. & Lagueny, A. A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of botulinum toxin in the treatment of spastic foot in hemiparetic patients. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1996; 61(3): 265-269.
  450. Duncan, PW., Studenski, S., Richards, L., Gollub, S., Lai, SM., Reker, D., Perera, S., Yates, J., Koch, V., Rigler, S. & Johnson, D. Randomized clinical trial of therapeutic exercise in subacute stroke. Stroke 2003; 34(9): 2173-2180.
  451. Katz-Leurer, M., Schochina, M., Carmeli, E. & Friedlander, Y. The influence of early aerobic training on the functional capacity in patients with cerebrovascular accident at the subacute stage. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003; 84(11): 1609-1614.
  452. Rimmer, JH., Riley, B., Creviston, T. & Nicola, T. Exercise training in a predominantly African-American group of stroke survivors. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2000; 32(12): 1990-1996.
  453. Potempa, K., Lopez, M., Braun, LT., Szidon, JP., Fogg, L. & Tincknell, T. Physiological outcomes of aerobic exercise training in hemiparetic stroke patients. Stroke 1995; 26(1): 101-105.
  454. Pang, MYC., Eng, JJ., Dawson, As., McKay, HA., Harris, JE. A community-based fitness and mobility exercise program for older adults with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005; 53(10): 1667-1674.
  455. Lee, M-J., Kilbreath, SL., Singh, MP., Zeman, B., Lord, SR., Raymond, J. & Davis, GM. Comparison of effect of aerobic cycle training and progressive resistance training on walking ability after stroke: a randomized sham exercise-controlled study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008; 56(6): 976-985.
  456. Chu, KS., Eng, JJ., Dawson, AS., Harris, JE., Ozkaplan, A. & Gylfadottir, S. Water-based exercise for cardiovascular fitness in people with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2004; 85(6): 870-874.
  457. Van De Port, IGL., Wood-Dauphinee, S., Lindeman, E. & Kwakkel, G. Effects of exercise training programs on walking competency after stroke: a systematic review. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2007; 86(11): 935-951.
  458. Langhammer, B. & Stanghelle, JK. Bobath or motor relearning programme? A comparison of two different approaches of physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2000; 14(4): 361-369.
  459. Van Vliet, PM., Lincoln, NB. & Foxall, A. Comparison of Bobath based and movement science based treatment for stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2005; 76(4): 503-508.
  460. Richards, CL., Malouin, F., Wood-Dauphinee, S., Williams, JI., Bouchard, JP. & Brunet, D. Task-specific physical therapy for optimization of gait recovery in acute stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1993; 74(6): 612-620.
  461. Blennerhassett, J. & Dite, W. Additional task-related practice improves mobility and upper limb function early after stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2004; 50(4): 219-224.
  462. Salbach, NM., Mayo, NE., Wood-Dauphinee, S., Hanley, JA., Richards, CL., Cote, R. A task-oriented intervention enhances walking distance and speed in the first year post stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2004; 18(5): 509-519.
  463. Marigold, DS., Eng, JJ., Dawson, As., Inglis, JT., Harris, JE. & Gylfadottir, s. Exercise leads to faster postural reflexes, improved balance and mobility, and fewer falls in older persons with chronic stroke. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005; 53(3): 416-423.
  464. Macko, RF., Ivey, RM., Forrester, LW., Hanley, D., Sorkin, JD., Katzel, LI., Silver, KH. & Goldberg, AP. Treadmill exercise rehabilitation improves ambulatory function and cardiovascular fitness in patients with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 2005; 36(10): 2206-2211.
  465. Langhammer, B. & Stanghelle, JK. Exercise on a treadmill or walking outdoors? A randomized controlled trial comparing effectiveness of two walking exercise programmes late after stroke. Clinical Rehabilitation 2010; 24(1): 46-54.
  466. Visintin, M., Barbeau, H., Korner-Bitensky, N. & Mayo, NE. A new approach to retrain gait in stroke patients through body weight support and treadmill stimulation. Stroke 1998; 29(6): 1122-1128.
  467. Barbeau, H. & Visintin, M. Optimal outcomes obtained with body-weight support combined with treadmill training in stroke subjects. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003; 84(10): 1458-1465.
  468. Kosak, Mc. & Reding, MJ. Comparison of partial body weight-supported treadmill gait training versus aggressive bracing assisted walking post stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2000; 14(1): 13-19.
  469. Ada, L., Dean, CM., Morris, ME., Simpson, JM. & Katrak, P. Randomized trial of treadmill walking with body weight support to establish walking in subacute stroke: the MOBILISE trial. Stroke 2010; 41(6): 1237-1242.
  470. Franceschini, M., Carda, S., Agosti, m., Antenucci, R., Malgrati, D. & Cisari, C. Walking after stroke: what does treadmill training with body weight support add to overground gait training in patients early after stroke?: a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation 2009; 40(9): 3079-3085.
  471. MacKay-Lyons MJ, Howlett J. Exercise capacity and cardiovascular adaptations to aerobic training early after stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 2005;12:31-44.
  472. Pang MY, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, et al. The use of aerobic exercise training in improving aerobic capacity in individuals with stroke: a meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil 2006;20:97-111.
  473. Kirton A, Chen R, Friefeld S, et al. Contralesional repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for chronic hemiparesis in subcortical paediatric stroke: a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:507-13.
  474. Outpatient Service Trialists. Therapy-based rehabilitation services for stroke patients at home. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(1):CD002925.
  475. Wade, DT. Community rehabilitation, or rehabilitation in the community? Disability and Rehabilitation 2003; 25(15): 875-881.
  476. Weiss, Z. Snir, D., Klein, B., Avraham, I., Shani, R., Zetler, H., Eyal, P., Synia, A. & Eldar, R. Effectiveness of home rehabilitation after stroke in Israel. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 2004; 27(2): 119-125.
  477. Eldar, R. Rehabilitation in the community for patients with stroke: a review. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2000; 6(4): 48-59.
  478. Forster, A. & Young, J. Stroke rehabilitation: can we do better? British Medical Journal 1992; 305(6867): 1446-1447.
  479. Young, RC. Evolution of discharge planning in rehabilitation: a perspective. Discharge planning update 1994; 14(3): 1,3-6.
  480. Goldberg, G., Segal, ME., Berk, SN., Schall, RR. & Gershkoff, AM. Stroke transition after inpatient rehabilitation. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 1997; 4(1): 64-79.
  481. Wade DT, Langton-Hewer R, Skillbeck CE. et.al. Controlled trial of a home-care service for acute stroke patients. Lancet 1985; 8424(1): 323-326.
  482. Hale, L. Community-based or home-based stroke rehabilitation: confusion or common sense. New Zealand Journal or Physiotherapy 2004; 32(3):131-139.
  483. Gladman JR, Lincoln NB. Follow-up of a controlled trial of domiciliary stroke rehabilitation (DOMINO Study). Age Ageing 1994;23:9-13.
  484. Tangeman PT, Banaitis DA, Williams AK. Rehabilitation of chronic stroke patients: changes in functional performance. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990;71:876-8.
  485. Young JB, Forster A. The Bradford community stroke trial: results at six months. BMJ 1992;304:1085-9.
  486. Walker, MF., Leonardi-Bee, J., Bath, P., Langhorne, P., Dewey, M., Corr, S., Drummond, A., Gilbertson, L., Gladman, JRF., Jongbloed, L., Logan, P. & Parker, C. Individual patient data meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of community occupational therapy for stroke patients. Stroke 2004; 35(9): 2226-2232.
  487. Teasell R, Bitensky J, Salter K, et al. The role of timing and intensity of rehabilitation therapies. Top Stroke Rehabil 2005;12:46-57.
  488. Pang MY, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, et al. A community-based fitness and mobility exercise program for older adults with chronic stroke: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005;53:1667-74.
  489. Bernard TJ, Goldenberg NA, Armstrong-Wells J, et al. Treatment of childhood arterial ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol 2008;63:679-96.
  490. National Transitions of Care Coalition. Little Rock, Arkansas. Available at: www.ntocc.org (accessed September, 2010).
  491. Coleman EA, Mahoney E, Parry C. Assessing the quality of preparation for posthospital care from the patient’s perspective: the care transitions measure. Medical Care 2005; 43(3): 246-255.
  492. Cameron JI, Gignac MA. “Timing it right”: a conceptual framework for addressing the support needs of family caregivers to stroke survivors from the hospital to the home. Patient Educ Couns 2008;70:305-14.
  493. Visser-Meily, A., Van Heugten, C., Post, M., Schepers, V. & Lindeman, E. Intervention studies for caregivers of stroke survivors: a critical review. Patient Education and Counseling 2005; 56(3): 257-267.
  494. Kalra L, Evans A, Perez I, et al. Training carers of stroke patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004;328:1099.
  495. Visser-Meily, A., Post, M., Van De Port, I., Maas, C., Forstberg-Warleby, G. & Lindeman, E. Psychosocial function of spouses of patients with stroke from initial inpatient rehabilitation to 3 years poststroke: Course and relations with coping strategies. Stroke 2009; 40(4): 1399-1404.
  496. Bjorkdahl, A., Lundren Nilsson, A. & Sunnerhagen, KS. Can rehabilitation in the home setting reduce the burden of care for the next-of-kin of stroke victims? J Rehabil Med 2007; 39:27-32.
  497. McCullagh, E., Brigstocke, G., Donaldson, N. & Kalra, L. Determinants of caregiving burden and quality of life in caregivers of stroke patients. Stroke 2005; 36(10): 2181-2186.
  498. Smith, SD., Gignac, MAM., Richardson, D. & Camerson, JI. Differences in the experiences and support needs of family caregivers to stroke survivors: does age matter? Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 2008; 15(6): 593-601.
  499. Blonder, LX., Langer, SL., Pettigrew, LC. & Garrity, TF. The effects of stroke disability on spousal caregivers. NeuroRehabiliation 2007; 22(2): 85-92.
  500. Van den Heuvel, ETP., De Witte, LP., Schure, LM., Sanderman, R. & Meyboom-de Jong, B. Risk factors for burn-out in caregivers of stroke patients, and possibilities for intervention. Clinical Rehabilitation 2001; 15(6): 669-677.
  501. Hare R, Rogers H, Lester H, et al. What do stroke patients and their carers want from community services? Fam Pract 2005;23:131-6.
  502. Smith J, Forster A, House A, et al. Information provision for stroke patients and their caregivers. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD001919.
  503. Desrosiers J, Noreau L, Rochette A, et al. Effect of a home leisure education program after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007;88:1095-100.
  504. Hoffmann T, McKenna K, Herd C, et al. Written education materials for stroke patients and carers: perspectives and practices of health professionals. Top Stroke Rehabil 2007;14:88-97.
  505. Koenig KL, Whyte EM, Munin MC, et al. Stroke-related knowledge and health behaviors among post stroke patients in inpatient rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007;88:1214-6.
  506. King RB, Semik PE. Stroke caregiving: difficult times, resource use, and needs during the first 2 years. J Gerontol Nurs 2006;32:37-44.
  507. Grant JS. Social problem-solving partnerships with family caregivers. Rehabil Nurs 1999;24:254-60.
  508. Patel A, Knapp M, Evans A, et al. Training care givers of stroke patients: economic evaluation. BMJ 2004;328:1102.
  509. Snow V, Beck D, Budnitz T, Miller DC, Potter J, Wears RL, Weiss KB, Williams MV. Transitions of care consensus policy statement American College of Physicians-Society of General Internal Medicine- Society of Hospital Medicine- American Geriatrics Society- American College of Emergency Physicians- Society of Academic Emergency Medicine. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2009; 24(8): 971-976.
  510. Kripalani, S., Jackson, AT., Schnipper, JL. & Coleman, EA. Promoting effective transitions of care at hospital discharge: a review of key issues for hospitalists. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007; 2(5): 314-323.
  511. Kripalani S, LeFevre F, Phillips CO, et al. Deficits in communication and information transfer between hospital-based and primary care physicians: implications for patient safety and continuity of care. JAMA. 2007; 297(8):831–841
  512. Van Walraven, C., Seth, R., Austin, PC. & Laupacis, A. Effect of discharge summary availability during post-discharge visits on hospital readmission. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2002; 17(3):186-192.
  513. Forster AJ, Murff HJ, Peterson JF, et al. The incidence and severity of adverse events affecting patients after discharge from the hospital. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(3):161–167.
  514. Roy CL, Poon EG, Karson AS, et al. Patient safety concerns arising from test results that return after hospital discharge. Ann Intern Med. 2005; 143(2):121–128.
  515. Tregunno, D., Jeffs, L., Hall, LM., Baker, R., Doran, D. & Bassett, SB. On the ball: leadership for patient safety and learning in critical care. Journal of Nursing Administration 2009; 39(7-8): 334-339.
  516. Arora, VM. & Farnan, JM. Care transitions for hospitalized patients. Medical Clinics of North America 2008; 92(2): 315-324.
  517. Shepperd, S., McClaran, J., Phillips, CO., Lannin, NA., Clemson, LM., McClusky, A., Cameron, ID. & Barras, SL. Discharge planning from hospital to home. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010; 1: CD000313.
  518. Clark, PA., Drain, M., Gesell, SB., Mylod, DM., Kaldenberg, DO . & Hamilton, J. Patient perceptions of quality in discharge instruction. Patient Education and Counseling 2005; 59(1): 56-68.
  519. Almborg A-H, Ulander K, Thulin A, Berg S. Patients’ perceptions of their participation in discharge planning after acute stroke. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2008; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02321.
  520. Naylor, MD., Brooten, D., Campbell, R., Jacobsen, BS., Mezey, MD., Pauly, MV. & Schwartz, JS. Comprehensive discharge planning and home follow-up of hospitalized elders: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 1999; 281(7): 613-620.
  521. Patel, M., Potter, J., Perez, I. & Kalra, L. The process of rehabilitation and discharge planning in stroke: a controlled comparison between stroke units. Stroke 1998; 29(12): 2484-2487.
  522. Early Supported Discharge Trialists. Services for reducing duration of hospital care for acute stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(2);CD000443.
  523. Ronning OM, Guldvog B. Outcome of subacute stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 1998;29:779-84.
  524. Thorsen, A.-M., Holmqvist, LW. & von Koch, L. Early supported discharge and continued rehabilitation at home after stroke: 5-year follow-up of respurce use. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 2006; 15(4): 139-143.
  525. National Stroke Foundation. Clinical guidelines for acute stroke management. Melbourne (AU): The Foundation; 2007. Available: www.strokefoundation.com .au/acute-clinical-guidelines-for-Acute-stroke-management (accessed 2008 Oct 2008).
  526. Shepperd S, Doll H, Broad J, Gladman J, Iliffe S, Langhorne P, Richards S, Martin F, Harris R. Early discharge hospital at home. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009; 1: CD000356.
  527. Early Supported Discharge Trialists. Services for reducing duration of hospital care for acute stroke patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005; 2: CD000443.
  528. Teng J, Mayo NE, Latimer E, Hanley J, Wood-Dauphinee S, Cote R, Scott S. Costs and caregiver consequences of early supported discharge for stroke patients. Stroke 2003; 34: 528-536.
  529. Langhorne P, Widen-Holmqvist L. Early supported discharge after stroke. J Rehabil Med 2007; 39: 102-108.
  530. Anderson R. The aftermath of stroke: the experience of patients and their families. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; 1992.
  531. Stanton S. Client–partner relationships post stroke: exploring the perspectives of couples. In: Walley Hammell K, editor. Using qualitative research as a practical introduction for occupational and physical therapists. London (UK): Churchill Livingstone; 2000.
  532. Pound P, Bury M, Gompertz P, et al. Stroke patients’ views on their admission to hospital. BMJ 1995;311:949-50.
  533. Schwamm, LH., Audebert, HJ., Amerenco, P., Chumbler, NR., Frankel, MR., George, MG., Gorelick, PB., Horton, KB., Kaste, M., Lackland, DT., Levine, SR., Meyer, BC., Meyers, PM., Patterson, V., Stranne, SK. & White, CJ. Recommendations for the implementation of telemedicine within stroke systems of care: a policy statement from the American heart association. Stroke 2009; 40(7): 2635-2660.
  534. Heart and Stroke Foundation: BC Stroke Strategy. Emergency & Acute Care: Telemedicine. Available at: http://www.bcstrokestrategy.ca/emergencyAcuteCare/telemedicine.html (Accessed September 2010).
  535. Demaertschalk BM, Miley ML, Kiernan TEJ, et al. Stroke Telemedicine. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2009;84(1):53-64.
  536. Levine SR, Gorman M. ‘Telestroke’: the application of telemedicine for stroke. Stroke 1999;30:464–9
  537. Schwab, S., Vatankhah, B., Kukla, C., Hauchwitz, M., Bogdahn, U., Furst, A., Audebert, HJ. & Horn, M Long-term outcome after thrombolysis in telemedical stroke care. Neurology 2007; 69(9):898-903.
  538. Meyer, BC., Raman, R., Hemmen, T., Obler, R., Zivin, JA., Rao, R., Thomas, RG & Lyden, PD. Efficacy of site-independent telemedicine in the STRokE DOC trial: a randomised, blinded, prospective study. The Lancet Neurology 2008; 7(9): 787-795.
  539. David, G. & Skandier, T. Network and study guide, fourth edition. Sybex, Inc. ISBN0-7821-4406-3.
  540. McQuerry, S. CCNA self-study: interconnecting cisco network devices (ICND), second edition. Cisco Press ISBN1-58705-142-7.
  541. Davalos A, Ricart W, Gonzalez-Huix F, et al. Effect of malnutrition after acute stroke on clinical outcome. Stroke 1996;27:1028-32.
  542. Finestone HM, Foley NC, Woodbury MG, et al. Quantifying fluid intake in dysphagic stroke patients: a preliminary comparison of oral and nonoral strategies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:1744-6.
  543. Martino R, Pron G, Diamant NE. Screening for oropharyngeal dysphagia in stroke: insufficient evidence for guidelines. Dysphagia 2000;15:19-30.
  544. Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, et al. Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. Stroke 2005;36:2756-63.
  545. Perry L, Love CP. Screening for dysphagia and aspiration in acute stroke: a systematic review. Dysphagia 2001;16:7-18.
  546. Connolly MJ, Smith HA. Evaluation and treatment of dysphagia following stroke. Top Geriatr Rehabil 2003;19:43-60.
  547. Hinchey JA, Shephard T, Furie K, et al.; Stroke Practice Improvement Network Investigators. Formal dysphagia screening protocols prevent pneumonia. Stroke 2005;36:1972-6.
  548. Westergren A. Detection of eating difficulties after stroke: a systematic review. International Nursing Review 2006; 53(2): 143-149.
  549. Smithard, DG, O’Neill, PA, England, RE, Park, Cl, Wyatt, R, Martin, DF, Morris, J. The natural history of dysphagia following stroke. Dysphagia 1997; 12(4): 188-193.
  550. Smithard DG, O’Neill PA, Park C, England R, Renwick DS, Wyatt R, Morris J. et. al. Can bedside assessment reliably exclude aspiration following acute stroke? Age and Ageing 1998; 27(2): 99-106.
  551. Perry L. Screening swallowing function of patients with acute stroke. Part one: identification, implementation and initial evaluation of a screening tool for use by nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2001; 10(4): 463-473.
  552. Martino, R., Silver, F., Teasell, R., Bayley, M., Nicholson, G., Streiner, DL. & Diamant, NE. The Toronto Bedside Swallowing Screening Test (TOR-BSST): development and validation of a dysphagia screening tool for patients with stroke. Stroke 2009; 40(2): 555-561.
  553. Ashford, J., McCabe, D., Wheeler-Hegland, K., Frymark, T., Mullen, R., Musson, N., Schooling, T & Hammond, CS. Evidence-based systematic review: oropharyngeal dysphagia behavioural treatments. Part III- impact of dysphagia treatments on populations with neurological disorders. J Rehabil Res Dev 2009; 46(2): 195-204.
  554. Robbins J, Kays S, McCallum S. Team management of dysphagia in the institutional setting. J Nutr Elder 2007;26:59-104.
  555. Paolucci S, Antonucci A, Pratesi L, et al. Poststroke depression and its role in rehabilitation of inpatients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999;80:985-90.
  556. Aben I, Verhey F, Lousberg R, et al. Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, SCL-90 and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale as screening instruments for depression in stroke patients. Psychosomatics 2002;43:386-93.
  557. Aström M, Adolfsson R, Asplund K. Major depression in stroke patients. A 3-year longitudinal study. Stroke 1993;24:976-82.
  558. Verdelho A, Hénon H, Lebert F, et al. Depressive symptoms after stroke and relationship with dementia: a three-year follow-up study. Neurology 2004;62:905-11.
  559. Burvill PW, Johnson GA, Jamrozik KD, et al. Prevalence of depression after stroke: the Perth Community Stroke Study. Br J Psychiatry 1995;166:320-7.
  560. Berg A, Palomäki H, Lehtihalmes M, et al. Poststroke depression: an 18-month follow-up. Stroke 2003;34:138-43.
  561. Bjelland I, Dahl AA, Haug TT, et al. The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review. J Psychosom Res 2002;52:69-77.
  562. O’Rourke S, MacHale S, Signorini D, et al. Detecting psychiatric morbidity after stroke: comparison of the GHQ and the HAD scale. Stroke 1998;29:980-5.
  563. Flint AJ, Rifat SL. Factor structure of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in older patients with major depression. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;17:117-23.
  564. McDowell I, Newell C. Measuring health: a guide to rating scales and questionnaires. 2nd ed. New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 1996.
  565. Stiles PG, McGarrahan JE. The Geriatric Depression Scale: a comprehensive review. J Clin Geropsychology 1998;4:89-109.
  566. Lipsey JR, Robinson RG, Pearlson GD, et al. Nortriptyline treatment of post-stroke depression: a double-blind study. Lancet 1984;1:297-300.
  567. Robinson RG, Schultz SK, Castillo C, et al. Nortriptyline versus fluoxetine in the treatment of depression and in short-term recovery after stroke: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:351-9.
  568. Lauritzen L, Bendsen BB, Vilmar T, et al. Post-stroke depression: combined treatment with imipramine or desipramine and mianserin. A controlled clinical study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994;114:119-22.
  569. Hackett ML, Anderson CS, House A. Interventions for treating depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(3):CD003437
  570. Fruehwald S, Gatterbauer E, Rehak P, et al. Early fluoxetine treatment of poststroke depression. A three month double-blind placebo-controlled study with an open-label long-term follow up. J Neurol 2003;250:347:51.
  571. Almeida OP, Xiao J. Mortality associated with incident mental health disorders after stroke. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2007;41:274-81.
  572. McManus J, Pathansali R, Stewart R, et al. Delirium post-stroke. Age Ageing 2007; 36:613-8.
  573. Lonergan E, Britton AM, Luxenberg J, et al. Antipsychotics for delirium. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(2):CD005594.
  574. Siddiqi N, Stockdale R, Britton AM, et al. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(2):CD005563.
  575. Madureira S, Guerreiro M, Ferro JM. Dementia and cognitive impairment three months after stroke. Eur J Neurol 2001;8:621-7.
  576. Black SE. Therapeutic issues in vascular dementia: studies, designs and approaches. Can J Neurol Sci 2007;34 Suppl 1:S125-30.
  577. Nyenhuis DL, Gorelick PB. Diagnosis and management of vascular cognitive impairment. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2007;9:326-32.
  578. Newman GC, Bang H, Hussain SI, et al. Association of diabetes, homocysteine, and HDL with cognition and disability after stroke. Neurology 2007;69:2054-62.
  579. Pendlebury ST, Rothwell PM. Prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with pre‐stroke and post‐ stroke dementia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Lancet Neurology 2009; 8(11): 1006‐18.
  580. Barker-Collo S, Feigin V. The impact of neuropsychological deficits on functional stroke outcomes. Neuropsychol Rev 2006;16:53-64.
  581. Gillespie DC, Bowen A, Foster JK. Memory impairment following right hemisphere stroke: a comparative meta-analytic and narrative review. Clin Neuropsychol 2006;20:59-75.
  582. Ferro JM, Crespo M. Young adult stroke: neuropsychological dysfunction and recovery. Stroke 1988;19:982-6.
  583. Nys GMS, van Zandvoort MJE, Algra A, et al. Cognitive and functional outcome after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment in patients with a first symptomatic brain infarct. J Neurol 2006;253:237-41.
  584. Patel M, Coshall C, Rudd AG, et al. Natural history of cognitive impairment after stroke and factors associated with its recovery. Clin Rehabil 2003;17:158-66.
  585. Rasquin SM, Verhey FR, van Oostenbrugge RJ, et al. Demographic and CT scan features related to cognitive impairment in the first year after stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1562-7.
  586. Tham W, Auchus AP, Thong M, et al. Progression of cognitive impairment after stroke: one year results from a longitudinal study of Singaporean stroke patients. J Neurol Sci 2002;203-204:49-52.
  587. Hoffmann M. Higher cortical function deficits after stroke: an analysis of 1,000 patients from a dedicated cognitive stroke registry. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2001;15:113-27.
  588. Hochstenbach J, Mulder T, van Limbeek J, et al. Cognitive decline following stroke: a comprehensive study of cognitive decline following stroke. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1998;20:503-17.
  589. Tatemichi TK, Desmond DW, Stern Y, et al. Cognitive impairment after stroke: frequency, patterns and relationship to functional abilities. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:202-7.
  590. de Haan EH, Nys GM, van Zandvoort MJ. Cognitive function following stroke and vascular cognitive impairment. Curr Opin Neurol 2006;19:559-64.
  591. van Zandvoort MJ, Kessels RPC, Nys GMS, et al. Early neuropsychological evaluation in patients with ischaemic stroke provides valid information. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2005;107:385-92.
  592. Claesson L, Linden T, Skoog I, et al. Cognitive impairment after stroke – impact on activities of daily living and costs of care for elderly people. The Goteborg 70+ Stroke Study. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005;19:102 9.
  593. Zinn S, Dudley TK, Bosworth HB, et al. The effect of poststroke cognitive impairment on rehabilitation process and functional outcome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:1084-90.
  594. Appelros P, Samuelsson M, Lindell D. Lacunar infarcts: functional and cognitive outcomes at five years in relation to MRI findings. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005;20: 34-40.
  595. Buxbaum LJ, Ferraro MK, Veramonti T, et al. Hemispatial neglect: subtypes, neuroanatomy, and disability. Neurology 2004;62:749-56.
  596. Gillen R, Tennen H, McKee T. Unilateral spatial neglect: relation to rehabilitation outcomes in patients with right hemisphere stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:763-7.
  597. Mark VW. Extrapersonal neglect. Neurology 1993;43:1859-60.
  598. Paolucci S, Antonucci G, Grasso MG, et al. The role of unilateral spatial neglect in rehabilitation of right brain-damaged ischemic stroke patients: a matched comparison. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:743-9.
  599. Hyndman D, Ashburn A. People with stroke living in the community: attention deficits, balance, ADL ability and falls. Disabil Rehabil 2003;25:817-22.
  600. McDowd JM, Filion DL, Pohl PS, et al. Attentional abilities and functional outcomes following stroke. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc 2003;58:45-53.
  601. Malouin F, Belleville S, Richards CL, et al. Working memory and mental practice outcomes after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:177-83.
  602. Wade DT, Parker V, Hewer RL. Memory disturbance after stroke: frequency and associated losses. Int Rehabil Med 1986;8:60-4.
  603. Stephens S, Kenny RA, Rowan E, et al. Neuropsychological characteristics of mild vascular cognitive impairment and dementia after stroke. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004;19:1053-7.
  604. Mok VC, Wong A, Lam WW, et al. Cognitive impairment and functional outcome after stroke associated with small vessel disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:560-6.
  605. Cirstea CM, Ptito A, Levin MF. Feedback and cognition in arm motor skill reacquisition after stroke. Stroke 2006;37:1237-42.
  606. Robertson IH, Manly T, Andrade J, et al. ‘Oops!’: performance correlates of everyday attentional failures in traumatic brain injured and normal subjects. Neuropsychologia 1997;35:747-58.
  607. Yip AG, Brayne C, Matthews FE, et al. Risk factors for incident dementia in England and Wales: the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study. A population-based nested case–control study. Age Ageing 2006;35:154-60.
  608. Kalaria RN, Ballard C. Stroke and cognition. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2001;3:334-9.
  609. Rockwood K, Wentzel C, Hachinski V, et al. Prevalence and outcomes of vascular cognitive impairment. Vascular Cognitive Impairment Investigators of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Neurology 2000;54:447-51.
  610. Ingles JL, Wentzel C, Fisk JD, et al. Neuropsychological predictors of incident dementia in patients with vascular cognitive impairment, without dementia. Stroke 2002;33:1999-2002.
  611. Vermeer SE, Prins ND, den Heijer T, et al. Silent brain infarcts and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1215-22.
  612. Lim A, Tsuang D, Kukull W, et al. Clinico-neuropathological correlation of Alzheimer’s disease in a community-based case series. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999;47: 564-9.
  613. Canadian Study of Health and Aging Working Group. Canadian Study of Health and Aging: study methods and prevalence of dementia. CMAJ 1994;150:899-913.
  614. Hachinski V, Iadecola C, Peterson RC, et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke — Canadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke 2006;37:2220-41.
  615. Pendlebury ST, Rothwell PM. Risk of recurrent stroke, other vascular events and dementia after transient ischaemic attack and stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2009; 27 Suppl 3: 1‐11.
  616. Suzuki, T., Sonoda, S., Misawa, K., Saitho, E., Shimizu, Y. & Kotake, T. Incidence and consequence of falls in inpatient rehabilitation of stroke patients. Experimental Aging Research 2005; 31(4): 457-469.
  617. Teasell, R., McRae, M., Foley, N. & Bhardwaj, A. The incidence and consequences of falls in stroke patients during inpatient rehabilitation: Factors associated with high risk. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2002; 83(3): 329-333.
  618. Czernuszenko, A. & Czlonkowska, A. Risk factors for falls in stroke patients during inpatient rehabilitation. Clinical Rehabilitation 2009; 23(2): 176-188.
  619. Pouwels, S., Lalmohamed, A., Leufkens, B., De Boer, A., Cooper, C., Can Staa, T. & De Vrieds, F. Risk of hip/femur fracture after stroke: a population-based case control study. Stroke 2009; 40(10): 3281-3285.
  620. Maeda, N., Kato, J. & Shimada, T. Predicting the probability for fall incidence in stroke patients using the Berg Balance Scale. Journal of International Medical Research 2009; 37(3): 697-704.
  621. Andersson, AG., Kamwendo, K., Seiger, A. & Appeiros, P. How to identify potential fallers in a stroke unit: Validity indexes of four test methods. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2006; 38(3): 186-191.
  622. Aizen, e., Shugaev, I. & Lenger, R. Risk factors and characteristics of falls during inpatient rehabilitation of elderly patients. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2007; 44(1): 1-12.